Martetarrak

Martetarrak Marte planetaren alegiazko biztanleak dira. Zientziatik ere martetarren existentziari urtetan eztabaidatu bada ere, bereziki Marteko kanalak direla eta, egun baztertu egiten da martetarrak izan daitezkeenik, izaki bizidun sinpleen existentzia baztertzen ez bada. Maiz agertu dira zientzia fikziozko literaturan, hala nola H. G. Wellsen Munduen Gerra eta Ray Bradburyren Marteko Kronikak eleberrietan.

Marten izaki adimendunak bizi zirenaren ideia XIX. mendearen bukaeran izugarri zabaldu zen. Schiaparelliren "canalli"en behaketak, Percival Lowellen liburuekin batera, ideia orokor bat bultzatu zuten: Marte lehortzen eta hiltzen ari zen planeta bat zela, eta bertako antzinako zibilizazioak ubideak eraikitzen ari zirela.^[1]

Pertsonalitate nabarmenen ohar eta aldarrikapen gehiago egon ziren "Marteko sukarra" deitu dena hauspotuz.^[2] 1899. urtean, Colorado Springseko laborategian bere hargailuak erabiliz haririk gabeko zarata atmosferikoa aztertzen ari zen bitartean, Nikola Tesla asmatzaileak seinale errepikakor batzuk ikusi zituen. Bere ustetan, beste planeta batetik iritsitako irrati-komunikazioak izan zitezkeen, ziurrenik Martetik. 1901. urteko elkarrizketa batean honakoa esan zuen Teslak:

«	Denbora baten ostean, nik behatutako harrabotsak kontrol adimendun bat sortutako izan zitezkeela pentsatu nuen. Nahiz eta ezin izan nuen bere esanahia deszifratu, ezinezkoa zitzaidan guztiz akzidentalak zirela pentsatzea. Planeta batetik besterako agurra entzun dudan lehenengoa naizenaren sentimendua etengabe hazten ari da nigan.	»
—Nikola Tesla^[3]^{[oh 1]}

Teslaren teoriek Lord Kelvinen babesa jaso zuten. Azken honek, 1902an Estatu Batuetara egindako bidaian, Teslak Estatu Batuetara bidalitako Marteko seinaleak jaso zituela pentsatu zuela esan zuen.^[4] Kelvinek "tinko" ezeztatu zuen horrelakorik esan izana: "Benetan esan dudana ondoka da: Marteko biztanleak, baldin badaude, New York ikusteko gai izango direla dudarik gabe, batez ere, bertako elektrizitatearen distira"^[5]^{[oh 2]}.

1901eko New York Timeseko artikulu batean Edward Charles Pickeringek, Harvard College Behatokiko zuzendariak, Lowell Behatokiko telegrama bat jaso zuela esan zuen. Bertan Marte Lurrarekin komunikatzen saiatzen ari zela baieztatzen zen.

«	1900eko abenduaren hasieran, Arizonako Lowell Behatokiko telegrama bat jaso genuen. Bertan Martetik (Lowell Behatokia Marten espezializatua dago) argi izpi bat proiektatu zela ikusi zuten, hirurogeita hamar minutu iraun zuena. Datu hauek Europara bidali nituen eta faksimile kopiak bidali nituen herrialde honetan zehar Bertako ikertzailea gizon arduratsu eta fidagarria da eta dudarik ez dago argia existitu zela. Marteko puntu geografiko ezagun batetik eman zen. Hori izan zen guztia. Orain istorioa munduan zehar zabaldu da. Europan Marterekin komunikatu naizela esan da, eta mota guztietako gehiegikeriak sortu dira. Argia zer izan zen, ez dugu jakiterik. Adimen zuen ala ez, inork ezin du esan. Azaldu ezina da guztiz.	»
—Edward Charles Pickering^[6]^{[oh 3]}

Pickeringek Texasen ispilu-multzoa sortzeko proposamena egin zuen ondoren, martetarrei seinaleak egiteko.^[7]

Azkeneko hamarkadetan Marteren gainazalaren bereizmen handiko mapek, Mars Global Surveyorrek egindakoak kasu, ez dute inolako artefaktu edo bizitza “adimendun” arrastorik aurkitu. Hala ere, Marten mota horretako bizitza egon daitekeenaren espekulazio pseudozientifikoak aurrera darrai, Richard C. Hoagland bezalako esatarien laguntzarekin. Kanalaren eztabaidaren antzera, espekulazio horiek espazio ontziek hartutako irudietan hautemandako eskala txikiko egituretan oinarritzen dira, hala nola, "piramideak" eta "Marteko aurpegia" bezalakoak. Carl Sagan astronomo planetarioak idatzi zuen:

«	Marte zonalde mitiko bat bihurtu da, bertan gure itxaropen eta beldur lurtarrak proiektatu ditugularik	»
—Carl Sagan^[8]^{[oh 4]}

[1]
Percival Lowell had been inspired by the work of Giovanni Schiaparelli, a 19th century Italian astronomer who had observed lines on Mars that he had called canali, Italian for channels. 2007-02-19 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[2]
Mars Fever. 2003-08-31 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[3]
(Ingelesez) «Collier's / the national weekly. v.26:14-v.27:13 JA-JE(1901).» HathiTrust: 14-15. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[4]
Margaret., Cheney,. (1981). Tesla, man out of time. Prentice-Hall, 162 or. ISBN 0139068597. PMC 7672251. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[5]
(Ingelesez) DEPARTURE OF LORD KELVIN.; His Denial and Last Words About the Planet Mars and Color Photography.. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[6]
(Ingelesez) THE LIGHT FLASH FROM MARS.; Prof. Pickering Makes a Statement in Regard to Alleged Signals.. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[7]
B., Fradin, Dennis. (1999). Is there life on Mars?. McElderry Books, 62 or. ISBN 0689820488. PMC 39654720. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).
[8]
1934-1996,, Sagan, Carl,. Cosmos. (First edition. argitaraldia), 109 or. ISBN 0394502949. PMC 6280573. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

Ilargitarrak

Datuak: Q913850

[O 1]
It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.
[O 2]
What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity
[O 3]
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.
[O 4]
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.

[1] [1]
Percival Lowell had been inspired by the work of Giovanni Schiaparelli, a 19th century Italian astronomer who had observed lines on Mars that he had called canali, Italian for channels. 2007-02-19 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[2] [2]
Mars Fever. 2003-08-31 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[3] [3]
(Ingelesez) «Collier's / the national weekly. v.26:14-v.27:13 JA-JE(1901).» HathiTrust: 14-15. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[5] [4]
Margaret., Cheney,. (1981). Tesla, man out of time. Prentice-Hall, 162 or. ISBN 0139068597. PMC 7672251. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[6] [5]
(Ingelesez) DEPARTURE OF LORD KELVIN.; His Denial and Last Words About the Planet Mars and Color Photography.. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[8] [6]
(Ingelesez) THE LIGHT FLASH FROM MARS.; Prof. Pickering Makes a Statement in Regard to Alleged Signals.. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[10] [7]
B., Fradin, Dennis. (1999). Is there life on Mars?. McElderry Books, 62 or. ISBN 0689820488. PMC 39654720. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[11] [8]
1934-1996,, Sagan, Carl,. Cosmos. (First edition. argitaraldia), 109 or. ISBN 0394502949. PMC 6280573. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-10-17).

[4] [O 1]
It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.

[7] [O 2]
What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity

[9] [O 3]
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.

[12] [O 4]
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[oh 1]

[4]

[5]

[oh 2]

[6]

[oh 3]

[7]

[8]

[oh 4]

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