Ohvrimentaliteet

Ohvrimentaliteet on omandatud isiksuslik kalduvus pidada ennast ohvriks või kannatajaks teiste inimeste pahatahtliku tegevuse tõttu. Ohvrimentaliteedi puhul süüdistatakse ebaõnnestumiste ja ebameeldivuste puhul teisi, aga mitte iseennast.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ohvrimentaliteet võib sageli olla alguse saanud juba lapsepõlvest.^[4] Sarnasel viisil võivad ka kurjategijad oma tegevust õigustada, pidades ennast ühiskonna ülekohtu ohvriteks ja kannatajateks.

Ohvrimentaliteet võib avalduda paljudes erinevates käitumis-, mõtlemis- ja väljendusviisides.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Ebameeldivate olukordade puhul osutatakse teistele, välistades enda vastutust.
Jälgitakse kõrgendatud tähelepanuga teiste inimeste käitumist.
Kahtlustatakse pahatahtlikkust teiste poolt.
Ollakse kaitsepositsioonis, eeldatakse rünnakut, pärsitakse lahendusvõimalusi.
Ületähtsustatakse negatiivseid tagajärgi, üritades riske vältida.
Ületähtsustatakse oma kannatusi, teiste omi ignoreerides, puudulik empaatia.
Usutakse, et teised on kuidagi rohkem soositud.
Tuntakse rahulolu enesehaletsusest või teiste kaastundest.
Vajatakse teiste tunnustust, ka kaheldava väärtusega toimingute puhul.
Tuntakse ennast moraalselt üle olevana.
Keskendutakse kannatustele ja nende põhjustele, aga mitte lahenduste otsimisele.^[9]^[10]

Ohvrimentaliteeti iseloomustab tüüpiliselt pessimism, enesehaletsus ja mahasurutud viha.^[11] Ohvrimentaliteegiga inimesel võib olla välja arenenud põhjalik õigustuste süsteem, et selgitada oma olukorda nii endale kui teistele.

Ohvrimentaliteeti võib esineda ka grupikäitumises – kollektiivides, vähemusrühmades, subkultuurides jm. Ohvrimentaliteet aitab kinnitada ja kindlustada grupi identiteeti, olles osa vastavast narratiivist.^[12] Ohvrimentaliteeti toetavad ka paljud vandenõuteooriad.

[1]
The Victim Mentality – What It Is & Why You Use It. (Harley Therapy Ltd.- Psychotherapy & Counselling in London)
[2]
Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. Getting "Just Deserts" or Seeing the "Silver Lining": The Relation between Judgments of Immanent and Ultimate Justice. PLOS ONE, volume 9, issue 7.
[3]
Wendy Kaminer. The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying. The Atlantic. 30. juuli 2010.
[4]
Daniel Bar-Tal, Lily Chernyak-Hai, Noa Schori, Ayelet Gundar. A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle. International Review of the Red Cross, volume 91, number 874, pp. 234-256. 7. august, 2018. - Tsitaat: Those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims. /.../ The sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.
[5]
de Vries, Manfred F.R. Kets (24.07.2012). "Are You a Victim of the Victim Syndrome?". Mindful Leadership Coaching. London: INSEAD Business Press, Palgrave Macmillan.
[6]
Colier, Nancy (January 12, 2018). "Are You Ready to Stop Feeling Like a Victim?". Psychology Today. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
[7]
Zitek, E. M.; Jordan, A. H.; Monin, B.; Leach, F. R. (2010). "Victim entitlement to behave selfishly". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (2): 245–55.
[8]
Gabay, Rahav, Boaz Hameiri, Tammy Rubel-Lifschitz, and Arie Nadler. "The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships." The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood (2020): 361.
[9]
Nolen-Hoeksema, S.; Wisco, B. E.; Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). "Rethinking Rumination". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (5): 400–424.
[10]
Nolan, Susan A.; Roberts, John E.; Gotlib, Ian H. (1998). "Neuroticism and ruminative response style as predictors of change in depressive symptomatology". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 22 (5): 445–455.
[11]
Dr. Kim K. Shirin. The Victim Mentality.
[12]
Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (2009). "A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts". Foundations. International Review of the Red Cross. 91 (874): 233. Abstract: A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood emerges as a major theme in the ethos of conflict of societies involved in intractable conflict and is a fundamental part of the collective memory of the conflict. This sense is defined as a mindset shared by group members that results from a perceived intentional harm with severe consequences, inflicted on the collective by another group.

[1] [1]
The Victim Mentality – What It Is & Why You Use It. (Harley Therapy Ltd.- Psychotherapy & Counselling in London)

[2] [2]
Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. Getting "Just Deserts" or Seeing the "Silver Lining": The Relation between Judgments of Immanent and Ultimate Justice. PLOS ONE, volume 9, issue 7.

[3] [3]
Wendy Kaminer. The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying. The Atlantic. 30. juuli 2010.

[4] [4]
Daniel Bar-Tal, Lily Chernyak-Hai, Noa Schori, Ayelet Gundar. A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle. International Review of the Red Cross, volume 91, number 874, pp. 234-256. 7. august, 2018. - Tsitaat: Those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims. /.../ The sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.

[5] [5]
de Vries, Manfred F.R. Kets (24.07.2012). "Are You a Victim of the Victim Syndrome?". Mindful Leadership Coaching. London: INSEAD Business Press, Palgrave Macmillan.

[6] [6]
Colier, Nancy (January 12, 2018). "Are You Ready to Stop Feeling Like a Victim?". Psychology Today. Retrieved August 9, 2018.

[7] [7]
Zitek, E. M.; Jordan, A. H.; Monin, B.; Leach, F. R. (2010). "Victim entitlement to behave selfishly". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (2): 245–55.

[8] [8]
Gabay, Rahav, Boaz Hameiri, Tammy Rubel-Lifschitz, and Arie Nadler. "The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships." The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood (2020): 361.

[9] [9]
Nolen-Hoeksema, S.; Wisco, B. E.; Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). "Rethinking Rumination". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (5): 400–424.

[10] [10]
Nolan, Susan A.; Roberts, John E.; Gotlib, Ian H. (1998). "Neuroticism and ruminative response style as predictors of change in depressive symptomatology". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 22 (5): 445–455.

[11] [11]
Dr. Kim K. Shirin. The Victim Mentality.

[12] [12]
Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (2009). "A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts". Foundations. International Review of the Red Cross. 91 (874): 233. Abstract: A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood emerges as a major theme in the ethos of conflict of societies involved in intractable conflict and is a fundamental part of the collective memory of the conflict. This sense is defined as a mindset shared by group members that results from a perceived intentional harm with severe consequences, inflicted on the collective by another group.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Ohvrimentaliteet

Wikiwand in your browser!

Ohvrimentaliteet

Wikiwand in your browser!

Avaldumine

Vaata ka

Viited