Balfouri deklaratsioon

Balfouri deklaratsioon (inglise keeles Balfour Declaration) oli Briti valitsuse avaldus esimese maailmasõja ajal aastal 1917, millega teatati juudi rahva kodu loomisest Palestiinasse, mis oli sellel ajal väikese juudi vähemusega Osmanite Riigi valdus. Välisminister Arthur Balfour saatis deklaratsiooni 2. novembril 1917 Briti juudi kogukonna juhi Walter Rothschildi kaudu Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Sionistlikule Föderatsioonile. Deklaratsioon avaldati ajakirjanduses 9. novembril 1917.

Briti impeeriumi dominioonide kohta tehtud deklaratsiooni kohta vaata artiklit 1926. aasta Balfouri deklaratsioon.

Balfouri deklaratsioon
Koostatud	2. november 1917 (106 aastat tagasi)
Koht	Briti Raamatukogu (praegu)
Alla kirjutanud	Arthur Balfour
Keel	Inglise

Vahetult pärast nende sõja kuulutamist Osmanite Riigile 1914. aasta novembris hakkas Briti sõjaajavalitsus mõtlema Palestiina tuleviku peale. Kaks kuud hiljem hakkas sionistlik valitsusliige Herbert Samuel levitama memorandumit, milles propageeris sionistide toetamist, et pälvida juudi kogukonna toetus sõjale. Aprillis 1915 pani peaminister H. H. Asquith kokku komitee, mis hakkas välja töötama Briti Osmanite- ja Palestiina-suunalist poliitikat. Asquith ise toetas Osmanite Riigi reformimist, detsembris 1916 peaministriks saanud David Lloyd George aga jagamist. Esimene läbirääkimistevoor brittide ja sionistide vahel leidis aset 7. veebruaril 1917, kui Mark Sykes kohtus sionistide juhtkonnaga. Sellele järgnenud debatid päädisid Balfouri palvega 19. juunil, et Rothschild ja H̠ayyim Weizmann paneksid kokku avaliku deklaratsiooni. Valitsuses arutati koos sionistide ja antisionistidest juutidega asja veel septembris ja oktoobris, Palestiina juudi kogukonda ei kaasatud.

Esimene maailmasõda oli 1917. aasta lõpuks jõudnud patiseisu, brittide suurimad liitlased ei osalenud sõjas: Ameerika Ühendriigid ei olnud veel täielikult sekkunud ning Venemaal toimus bolševistlik oktoobrirevolutsioon. Lõuna-Palestiina patiseis lõppes 31. oktoobril Beersheba lahinguga, samal päeval anti deklaratsiooni avaldamisele roheline tuli. Valitsuses viidati juudi kogukonna sisesele propagandale kui deklaratsiooni suurele plusspunktile.

Deklaratsiooni esimesed sõnad kujutasid endast esimest korda, kui suurvõim oli avaldanud sionismile toetust. Väljend "rahvuslik kodu" (national home) oli rahvusvahelises poliitikas uus ning oli meelega jäetud piisavalt üldsõnaliseks, et mitte otsesõnu juudiriiki välja kuulutada. Palestiina piire deklaratsioonis ei täpsustatud, hiljem teatas valitsus, et juutide koduks ei peaks saama kogu Palestiina piirkond. Deklaratsiooni teine pool lisati, et rahuldada oponente, kes väitsid, et deklaratsioon kahjustab Palestiina kohalikke elanikke ja annab kogu maailmas antisemitismile hoogu, kuna "tembeldab juudid võõrasteks nende kodumaal". Deklaratsioon kutsus üles kaitsma nii Palestiina araablaste isiku- ja usuvabadusi kui muude riikide juutide õigusi ja poliitilist vabadust. Briti valitsus tunnistas aastal 1939, et oleks pidanud kaasama Palestiina kohalikku elanikkonda ning aastal 2017, et deklaratsiooniga oleks pidanud kutsuma üles ka Palestiina araablaste poliitiliste õiguste kaitsele.

Balfouri deklaratsioonil oli palju pikaajalisi tagajärgi. Selle tulemusel kasvas ülemaailmse juudi diasporaa toetus sionismile ning sellest sai Mandatoorse Palestiina alusdokumendi põhiosa. Deklaratsiooni peetakse käimasoleva n-ö lahendamatu Iisraeli-Palestiina konflikti põhjuseks. Lisaks on vastuoluline see, et tõenäoliselt murdsid britid sellega Meka šariifile Ḩusayn ibn ‘Alīle McMahoni-Husseini kirjavahetuses antud lubadusi.

Vaata ka

• Palestiina mandaat
• Juudiriigi ettepanekud

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Välislingid

• UK Commons 2017 Centennial Debate on the Balfour Declaration, 16 November 2016
• The Guardian: The contested centenary of Britain's 'calamitous promise', 17 October 2017