Scienca rasismo

Scienca rasismo, foje terminigita kiel biologia rasismo, estas pseŭdoscienca kredo, ke ekzistas empiria pruvaro por subteni aŭ justigi rasismon (rasa diskriminacio), rasan malsuperecon aŭ rasan superecon.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Historie, scienca rasismo ricevis kredindecon tra la scienca komunumo, sed ĝi ne plu estas konsiderata scienca.^[2]^[3] Dividi la homaron en biologie distingaj grupoj estas ofte nomata rasa realismo aŭ rasa scienco fare de ties proponantoj. Nuntempa scienca interkonsento malakceptas tiun vidpunkton kiel malkongruebla kun la moderna genetika esplorado.^[5]^:360

Scienca rasismo uzas antropologion (partikulare la fizikan antropologion), antropometrion, kraniometrion, kaj aliajn fakojn aŭ pseŭdo-fakojn, por proponi antropologiajn tipologiojn kiuj subtenu la klasigon de homaj populacioj en fizike evidentaj homajn rasojn, kelkaj el kiuj estus konsiderataj superaj aŭ malsuperaj al aliaj. Scienca rasismo estis ofta dum la periodo el la 17-a jarcento ĝis la fino de la Dua Mondmilito. Ekde la dua duono de la 20-a jarcento, scienca rasismo estis kritikita kiel absolute malvalida kaj senkreditigita, kvankam estis konstante uzita por suporti aŭ klopodi validigi rasismajn mondokonceptojn, bazite sur kredoj en la ekzistado kaj signifo de rasaj kategorioj kaj hierarkio de superaj kaj malsuperaj rasoj.^[6]

Post la fino de la Dua Mondmilito, scienca rasismo kaj en teorio kaj en agado estis formale denuncita, speciale en frua publikaĵo de UNESCO pri kontraŭrasismo nome "The Race Question" (La rasafero, 1950): "La biologia fakto de raso kaj la mito de 'raso' devas esti distingitaj. Por ĉiuj praktikaj sociaj celoj 'raso' ne estas tiom multe biologia fenomeno kiom socia mito. La mito 'raso' kreis enorman kvanton de homa kaj socia damaĝo. En ĵusaj jaroj, ĝi okazigis enormajn perdojn en homaj vivoj, kaj kaŭzis nediritan suferadon."^[7] Ekde tiu epoko, disvolvigoj en hom-evolucia genetiko kaj en fizika antropologio kondukis al nova interkonsento inter antropologoj ke homaj rasoj estas socipolitika fenomeno pli ol biologia.^[8]^[9]^:294^[10]^[11]

Teoriuloj de scienca rasismo

Notoj

[1]
"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eld.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eld.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".
[2]
Gould, Stephen Jay. (1981) The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co., p. [htt://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich/e/28 28–29]. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. “Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.”.
[3]
(Sep 2004) “Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?”, Skeptical Inquirer. Alirita 1a de Decembro 2007.. “There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.”. Arkivigite je 2007-11-23 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine Arkivita kopio. Arkivita el la originalo je 2007-11-23. Alirita 2021-02-28.
[4]
“Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences”, '.
[5]
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eld.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. COI:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. Ke tiu vidpunkto respegulas la interkonsenton inter usonaj antropologoj estas asertata en: (Februaro 2017) “Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162 (2), p. 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. Vidu ankaŭ: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27a de Marto 2019) AAPA Statement on Race and Racism. Alirita 19a de Junio 2020.
[6]
Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2a eld., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, Cultural studies: a critical introduction (2005), p. 163: "It [sc. scientific racism] became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown kaj Clive Webb, Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights (2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century".
[7]
UNESCO, The Race Question, p. 8
[8]
Gannon, Megan (5a de Februaro 2016). “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue”, Scientific American (en). Alirita 25a de Decembro 2018..
[9]
Daley, C. E.. (2011) “Race and Intelligence”, The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 293–306. ISBN 9780521518062.
[10]
(2000) “Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy”, Transforming Anthropology 9 (2), p. 22–24. doi:10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19. Alirita 13a de Julio 2016.. Arkivigite je 2018-08-18 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine Arkivita kopio. Arkivita el la originalo je 2018-08-18. Alirita 2021-02-28.
[11]
(2004) “Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?”, Nature Genetics 36 (11 Suppl), p. 43–47. doi:10.1038/ng1439. “"Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity"”.

Vidu ankaŭ

Kategorio Scienca rasismo en la Vikimedia Komunejo (Multrimedaj datumoj)
Scienca rasismo en la Vikicitaro (Kolekto de citaĵoj)

PeEnEo: 717552

[1] [1]
"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eld.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eld.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".

[SciRac_Gould-2] [2]
Gould, Stephen Jay. (1981) The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co., p. [htt://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich/e/28 28–29]. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. “Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.”.

[SciRac_CSI-3] [3]
(Sep 2004) “Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?”, Skeptical Inquirer. Alirita 1a de Decembro 2007.. “There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.”. Arkivigite je 2007-11-23 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine Arkivita kopio. Arkivita el la originalo je 2007-11-23. Alirita 2021-02-28.

[EPSS-4] [4]
“Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences”, '.

[Templeton2016-5] [5]
Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eld.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. COI:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. Ke tiu vidpunkto respegulas la interkonsenton inter usonaj antropologoj estas asertata en: (Februaro 2017) “Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162 (2), p. 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. Vidu ankaŭ: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27a de Marto 2019) AAPA Statement on Race and Racism. Alirita 19a de Junio 2020.

[6] [6]
Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2a eld., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, Cultural studies: a critical introduction (2005), p. 163: "It [sc. scientific racism] became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown kaj Clive Webb, Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights (2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century".

[7] [7]
UNESCO, The Race Question, p. 8

[8] [8]
Gannon, Megan (5a de Februaro 2016). “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue”, Scientific American (en). Alirita 25a de Decembro 2018..

[9] [9]
Daley, C. E.. (2011) “Race and Intelligence”, The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 293–306. ISBN 9780521518062.

[10] [10]
(2000) “Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy”, Transforming Anthropology 9 (2), p. 22–24. doi:10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19. Alirita 13a de Julio 2016.. Arkivigite je 2018-08-18 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine Arkivita kopio. Arkivita el la originalo je 2018-08-18. Alirita 2021-02-28.

[11] [11]
(2004) “Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?”, Nature Genetics 36 (11 Suppl), p. 43–47. doi:10.1038/ng1439. “"Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity"”.

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