償う

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
償
つぐな Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alteration of tsugunou below.^[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つぐなう [tsùgúnáꜜù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨɡɯ̟na̠ɯ̟]

Verb

償(つぐな)う • (tsugunau) ^{←つぐなふ (tugunafu)?}transitive godan (stem 償(つぐな)い (tsugunai), past 償(つぐな)った (tsugunatta))

1. to compensate, make up for
2. to recompense, atone for
   • 1995 June 1 [1993 April 17], Yōzaburō Kanari with Satō, Fumiya, “File 1: Opera Zakan Satsujin Jiken Go [File 1: The Opera House Murder Case #5]”, in Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo [Young Kindaichi Case Files], 14th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 186:

     あ(・)の(・)二(ふた)人(り)そして早乙女(こいつ)は死(し)んで償(つぐな)うべきなんだ‼

     ANO futari soshite koitsu wa shinde tsugunaubeki nanda‼

     THOSE two and this bitch must die for their crime!!

Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	償わ	つぐなわ	tsugunawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	償い	つぐない	tsugunai
Shūshikei ("terminal")	償う	つぐなう	tsugunau
Rentaikei ("attributive")	償う	つぐなう	tsugunau
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	償え	つぐなえ	tsugunae
Meireikei ("imperative")	償え	つぐなえ	tsugunae
Key constructions
Passive	償われる	つぐなわれる	tsugunawareru
Causative	償わせる 償わす	つぐなわせる つぐなわす	tsugunawaseru tsugunawasu
Potential	償える	つぐなえる	tsugunaeru
Volitional	償おう	つぐなおう	tsugunaō
Negative	償わない	つぐなわない	tsugunawanai
Negative continuative	償わず	つぐなわず	tsugunawazu
Formal	償います	つぐないます	tsugunaimasu
Perfective	償った	つぐなった	tsugunatta
Conjunctive	償って	つぐなって	tsugunatte
Hypothetical conditional	償えば	つぐなえば	tsugunaeba

Conjugation of "償う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Derived terms

• 償(つぐな)い金(きん) (tsugunaikin)
• 相(あい)償(つぐな)う (aitsugunau)
• 功罪(こうざい)相(あい)償(つぐな)う (kōzai ai tsugunau)
• 早(はや)池(ち)峰(ね)大(おお)償(つぐない)神楽(かぐら) (Hayachine Ōtsugunai Kagura)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
償
つぐの Grade: S
irregular

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Compound of つぐ (tsugu) +‎ に (ni) +‎ おう (ou)?”

Verb

償(つぐの)う • (tsugunou) ^{←つぐのふ (tugunofu)?}transitive godan (stem 償(つぐの)い (tsugunoi), past 償(つぐの)った (tsugunotta))

1. (archaic, now nonstandard) Same as つぐなう (tsugunau) above
2. (archaic, obsolete) to use, utilize

Derived terms

• 償(つぐの)い金(きん) (tsugunoikin)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
償
まど Grade: S
irregular

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Cognate with 惑う (madou)?”

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) まどう [màdóꜜù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[3]
• IPA^(key): [ma̠do̞ɯ̟]

Verb

償(まど)う • (madou) ^{←まどふ (madofu)?}transitive godan (stem 償(まど)い (madoi), past 償(まど)った (madotta))

1. (dialectal) to compensate

See also

• 弁(べん)償(しょう)する (benshō suru)
• まぶる (maburu)

References

1. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN