⼈
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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人 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 人 (O), four-corner 80000, composition ⿸丿㇏)
Historical forms of the character 人 | ||||||||||||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Hanjian (compiled in Song) | Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) | Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) | Tang Stone Classics | Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing) | |||||
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Odd character | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Transcribed ancient scripts | Transcribed ancient scripts | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script | Regular script | Ming typeface |
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Old Chinese | |
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千 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
仟 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
芊 | *sn̥ʰiːn, *sn̥ʰiːns |
阡 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
汘 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
迁 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
杄 | *sn̥ʰiːn |
人 | *njin |
仁 | *njin |
朲 | *njin |
佞 | *neːŋs |
Pictogram (象形) – side view of a standing man, highlighting an arm and a leg. Compare 大, 立 (lì), 卩 (jié), 夭, and 氏 according to one interpretation. See also the original version of 年.
亼 is similar but unrelated; it represents an open mouth flipped upside down and appears on top of characters such as 食, 金, 令, 龠, and 今.
It represents a roof in the characters 余, 茶, 舍, and 倉. It represents a flag on a flagpole in 㫃. Eventually, it represents two parallel mountain walls in 谷.
The stylized version to the left of the characters is 亻 (see also 千). Similar but unrelated to 彳.
Sagart (1999) relates it to Tibetan ཉེན (nyen, “relative”), from ཉེ (nye, “near”) + nominalizing suffix -n; if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːj ~ s-nej (“near”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes two etymologies:
Variety | Location | 人 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐən³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ʐən²⁴/ /in²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /in⁴⁵/ /ʐən⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ʐẽ⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /iə̃⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ʐən⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /ʐẽ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ʐə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ʐəŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ʐə̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʐɤŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nən²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /zən³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /zen²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ʐə̃³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ʐən²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ʐən⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /zəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ʐəŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /ʐə̃ŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ /zəŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /zən¹³/ /ȵin¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /zen²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /zaŋ³¹/ 文讀 /ȵaŋ³¹/ 白讀 /naŋ³¹/ 訓讀 | |
Hui | Shexian | /iʌ̃⁴⁴/ /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /ian⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ʐən¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /in¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ȵin⁴⁵/ /lɨn⁴⁵/ ~參 |
Hakka | Meixian | /ŋin¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ŋin¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐn²¹/ |
Nanning | /jɐn²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /jɐn²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lin³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /iŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /neiŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ziŋ⁵⁵/ /naŋ⁵⁵/ 訓讀 | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /zin³¹/ /naŋ³¹/ 訓儂 |
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 人 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Open |
Division (等) | III |
Fanqie | 如鄰切 |
Baxter | nyin |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵiɪn/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/ȵin/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑjen/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵin/ |
Li Rong |
/ȵiĕn/ |
Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭĕn/ |
Bernhard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯ĕn/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
rén |
Expected Cantonese Reflex |
jan4 |
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 人 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rén |
Middle Chinese |
‹ nyin › |
Old Chinese |
/*ni[ŋ]/ |
English | (other) person |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 人 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 10800 |
Phonetic component |
人 |
Rime group |
眞 |
Rime subdivision |
1 |
Corresponding MC rime |
仁 |
Old Chinese |
/*njin/ |
人
The Min native word for “person”; used as a replacement character for 儂 / 侬. It is historically attested for Hokkien in the Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620) and Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642).[1][2] Use of 人 for Hokkien is recommended by Taiwan's Ministry of Education (ROC MOE).
人 (Coastal Min)
人 (Coastal Min)
⟨pi1to2⟩ → */pʲitə/ → /fito/ → /hito/ → /çito/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pitə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
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.From Early Middle Chinese 人 (MC nyin). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare Shanghainese nyin.
From Late Middle Chinese 人 (MC nyin). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare Mandarin 人 (rén).
When compounding, makes the accent fall on the 自立拍 (jiritsuhaku, “autonomous mora”) immediately before itself. For example:
There is one notable exception:
From Old Japanese. The protoform may have been -ri or -tari, see 二人 (futari, literally “two people”).
Japanese number-counter combinations for 人 | ||||
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
一人 (hitori) 一人 (ichinin) |
二人 (futari) 二人 (ninin) |
三人 (sannin) 三人 (mitari) |
四人 (yonin) 四人 (yotari) 四人 (yottari) |
五人 (gonin) 五人 (itsutari) |
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
六人 (rokunin) 六人 (mutari) 六人 (muyutari) |
七人 (shichinin) 七人 (nananin) 七人 (nanatari) |
八人 (hachinin) 八人 (yatari) |
九人 (kunin) 九人 (kyūnin) 九人 (kokonotari) |
十人 (jūnin) 十人 (totari) |
20 | 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? |
二十人 (nijūnin) 廿人 (nijūnin) 二十人 (hatatari) 廿人 (hatatari) |
百人 (hyakunin) 百人 (momotari) |
千人 (sennin) 千人 (chitari) |
一万人 (ichimannin) 万人 (mannin) 万人 (bannin) |
何人 (nannin) 幾人 (ikunin) 幾人 (ikutari) |
From Middle Chinese 人 (MC nyin).
Wikisource 人 (eumhun 사람 인 (saram in))
From Proto-Ryukyuan *pito (“person; human”), from Proto-Japonic *pitə (“person; human”).
人 (chū)
From Proto-Ryukyuan *pito (“person; human”), from Proto-Japonic *pitə (“person; human”).
人 (psïtu)
人 (-nin)
From Proto-Ryukyuan *pito (“person; human”), from Proto-Japonic *pitə (“person; human”).
人 (tchu)
人 (pitu)
人 (nin)
人 (-nin)
人 (-i)
人 (-tai)
From Proto-Ryukyuan *pito (“person; human”), from Proto-Japonic *pitə (“person; human”).
人 (pïtu)
From Proto-Ryukyuan *pito (“person; human”), from Proto-Japonic *pitə (“person; human”).
人 (ttu)
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