torad

See also: Tórád

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• toreth

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *to-rad, from *rato-, perhaps ultimately from the root of rath (“fruitfulness, prosperity”).^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈtorað]

Noun

torad n (genitive toraid, nominative plural torud or toirthi)

1. fruit (of a plant)
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 102^a15

     Itius anúas ⁊ dus·claid anís; air ní foircnea in fíni hithe neich di anúas, amal du·ngní int aís sechmaill as·mbeir-som .i. air is cuit adaill ad·n-ellat sidi in fíni du thabairt neich doib dia thorud.

     They eat it from above and he roots it up from below; for it does not exterminate the vine to eat of anything of it from above, as do the passers-by whom he speaks of, i.e. for it is only a passing visit that they make [lit: ‘that they visit’] to the vine to take something for themselves of its fruit.

2. fruit (end result, effect, or consequence)
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 10^c21

     Ba torad sa⟨í⟩thir dúun in chrud so ce du·melmis cech túari et ce du·gnemmis a ndu·gníat ar céli, act ní bad nertad na mbráithre et frescsiu fochricce as móo.

     It would be a fruit of our labor in this way if we consumed every food and if we did what our fellows do, but it would not be a strengthening of the brothers and a hope of a greater reward.

   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 22^b26

     Ná bíth i cobadlus doïb, ar atá torad la gnímu soilse .i. praemia aeterna ní ḟil immurgu acht infructuosa.

     Do not be in fellowship with them, for there is fruit with works of light, i.e. praemia aeterna. There is nothing [with works of darkness], however, save infructuosa.

Declension

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	toradN	toradN	torud, toirthi
Vocative	toradN	toradN	torud, toirthi
Accusative	toradN	toradN	torud, toirthi
Genitive	toraidL	torad	toradN
Dative	torudL	toirthib	toirthib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: toradh
• Scottish Gaelic: toradh

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
torad	thorad	torad pronounced with /d(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

1. MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “torad”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎, Stirling, →ISBN, page toradh

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “torad”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language