proces

See also: proces', procés, procès, and pročeš

Czech

Czech Wikipedia has an article on:

proces

Wikipedia ^cs

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin processus or German Prozess.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈprot͡sɛs]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

proces m inan

1. process

Declension

	singular	plural
nominative	proces	procesy
genitive	procesu	procesů
dative	procesu	procesům
accusative	proces	procesy
vocative	procese	procesy
locative	procesu	procesech
instrumental	procesem	procesy

Declension of proces (hard masculine inanimate)

Related terms

• See cese

• procesí
• procesní

See also

• děj

Further reading

• “proces”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “proces”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “proces”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

Danish

Danish Wikipedia has an article on:

proces

Wikipedia ^da

Etymology

Borrowed ultimately from Latin prōcessus (“process, progress, progression”).

Noun

proces c (singular definite processen, plural indefinite processer)

1. process

Declension

Declension of proces

gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	proces	processen	processer	processerne
genitive	proces'	processens	processers	processernes

Synonyms

• forløb

Derived terms

• arbejdsproces
• beslutningsproces
• demokratiseringsproces
• dødsproces
• fornyelsesproces
• fredsproces
• fremstillingsproces
• livsproces
• læreproces
• omstillingsproces
• proceslinje
• procesoperatør
• procesret
• processere
• processkrift
• processkrivning
• processtyring
• procesteknologi
• produktionsproces
• skabelsesproces
• skriveproces
• udviklingsproces

References

• “proces” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

proces

Wikipedia ^nl

Etymology

From Middle Dutch proces, from Old French procés (“journey”), from Latin processus, past participle of procedo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /proːˈsɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: pro‧ces
• Rhymes: -ɛs

Noun

proces n (plural processen, diminutive procesje n)

1. a process, sequential proceeding
2. (law) a trial, court case, lawsuit

Synonyms

• (process) procedure
• (law) rechtsgeding, rechtszaak

Derived terms

(legal):

• beroepsproces
• marionettenproces
• monsterproces
• moordproces
• proces-verbaal
• procesgang
• proceskosten
• procesrecht
• processaal
• processtuk
• schijnproces
• strafproces

(other):

• denkproces
• genezingsproces
• groeiproces
• leerproces
• procesmatig
• procestheologie
• rouwproces
• veranderingsproces
• veranderproces
• ziekteproces

Related terms

• procedé
• procederen
• procedure
• procedureel
• processie
• processor

Descendants

• Afrikaans: proses
• → Indonesian: proses (“process”)
• → Indonesian: acara (“trial; court exam”) (semantic loan)
• → Papiamentu: proces (dated)
• → West Frisian: proses

Latin

Verb

procēs

1. second-person singular present active subjunctive of procō

Old French

Noun

proces oblique singular, m (oblique plural proces, nominative singular proces, nominative plural proces)

1. Alternative form of procés

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:

proces

Wikipedia ^pl

Etymology

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Prozess or French procès, ultimately from Latin prōcessus.^[1][2][3] First attested in the 16th century.^[4]

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈprɔ.t͡sɛs/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈprɔ.t͡sɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔt͡sɛs
• Syllabification: pro‧ces

Noun

proces m inan (diminutive procesik, related adjective procesowy)

1. process (series of events to produce a result)
2. (sciences) process (series of physical or chemical changes causally related to each other)
3. (law) trial (appearance at judicial court) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’ and przeciw (+ dative) ‘against whom’]

   Synonyms: postępowanie, przewód sądowy, rozprawa, sprawa

4. (computing) process (executable task or program)

Declension

	singular	plural
nominative	proces	procesy
genitive	procesu	procesów
dative	procesowi	procesom
accusative	proces	procesy
instrumental	procesem	procesami
locative	procesie	procesach
vocative	procesie	procesy

Declension of proces

Derived terms

(verbs):

• procesować impf

Descendants

• → Kashubian: proces

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), proces is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 84 times in scientific texts, 34 times in news, 67 times in essays, 6 times in fiction, and 4 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 195 times, making it the 283rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[5]

References

1. Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “proces”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
2. Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “proces”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
3. Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “proces”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
4. Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “proces”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
5. Ida Kurcz (1990) “proces”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 435

Further reading

• proces in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• proces in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• “PROCES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2023 June 12
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “proces”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 1005

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French procès, Italian processo, Latin processus. Cf. also purces, possibly an inherited doublet.

Noun

proces n (plural procese)

1. process
2. trial (in court)
3. lawsuit, legal case

Derived terms

• procesa
• proces verbal

Related terms

• proceda
• procesiune

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed ultimately from Latin processus; cf. French procès.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /prǒt͡ses/
• Hyphenation: pro‧ces

Noun

pròces m (Cyrillic spelling про̀цес)

1. process

Declension

	singular	plural
nominative	proces	procesi
genitive	procesa	procesa
dative	procesu	procesima
accusative	proces	procese
vocative	procese	procesi
locative	procesu	procesima
instrumental	procesom	procesima

Declension of proces