kayangan

Balinese

Romanization

kayangan

1. Romanization of ᬓᬬᬗᬦ᭄.

Indonesian

Etymology

• From Malay kayangan. Equivalent to hyang +‎ ke- -an.^[1] Cognate to Toba Batak iang and Javanese ꦏꦪꦔꦤ꧀ (kayangan).^[2]

• Semantic loan from Balinese kayangan (ᬓᬬᬗᬦ᭄, “temple”), cf. above.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaˈjaŋan]
• Hyphenation: ka‧yang‧an

Noun

kayangan (first-person possessive kayanganku, second-person possessive kayanganmu, third-person possessive kayangannya)

1. paradise, heaven.

   Synonyms: adnan, eden, firdaus, janah, nirwana, surga, indraloka, kedewaan, keindraan, suargaloka, suralaya, surgaloka, paradiso

2. (Balinese, Hinduism) temple.

   Synonyms: pura, kahyangan

Alternative forms

• kahyangan

References

1. K. Alexander Adelaar (1992) chapter 2, in Proto Malayic: The Reconstruction of Its Phonology and Parts of Its Lexicon and Morphology‎, page 11: “Exceptions are loanwords, and kəyaŋan 'heaven, fairyland' which is actually morphologically complex (< ⁺kə + ⁺(h)iaŋ + ⁺an).”
2. Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*qiaŋ”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Further reading

• “kayangan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

kayangan

1. Romanization of ꦏꦪꦔꦤ꧀.

Malay

FWOTD – 26 September 2023

Etymology

Affixation of hiang +‎ ke- -an.^[1] Cognate to Toba Batak iang and Javanese ꦏꦪꦔꦤ꧀ (kayangan).^[2]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka.ja.ŋan]
• Hyphenation: ka‧yang‧an

Noun

kayangan (Jawi spelling کايڠن, informal 1st possessive kayanganku, 2nd possessive kayanganmu, 3rd possessive kayangannya)

1. paradise, heaven (the abode of the gods)

   Synonyms: inderaloka, keinderaan, syurga

2. (figurative, often derogatory) the elite, the high and mighty (a wealthy upper class disconnected from the living reality of the masses)
   • 2021 29 April, Mohd Sharkawi Londing, “Tak kira kayangan atau marhaen, patuhi SOP”, in Kosmo!‎:

     Jadi, ikutlah sistem SOP yang ditetapkan tidak kiralah siapa kita, rak­yat marhaen ke atau orang ‘ka­yangan’ ke, pokoknya patuhlah SOP yang ditetapkan.

     So please, follow the stipulated SOP (= standard operating procedure) no matter if you are commonfolk or the upper crust, by all means follow the stipulated SOP.

References

1. K. Alexander Adelaar (1992) chapter 2, in Proto Malayic: The Reconstruction of Its Phonology and Parts of Its Lexicon and Morphology‎, page 11: “Exceptions are loanwords, and kəyaŋan 'heaven, fairyland' which is actually morphologically complex (< ⁺kə + ⁺(h)iaŋ + ⁺an).”
2. Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*qiaŋ”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Further reading

• “kayangan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.