false friend

English

WOTD – 4 May 2007

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false friend

Wikipedia

Etymology

Calque of French faux-ami, from the longer phrase faux amis du traducteur (“false friends of a translator”), first used by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 in their book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (False Friends, or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary).^[1]

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌfɒls ˈfɹɛnd/, /ˌfɔːls ˈfɹɛnd/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˌfɔls ˈfɹɛnd/, /ˌfɑls ˈfɹɛnd/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Audio (General Australian):

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Noun

Examples
The Spanish embarazado (“pregnant”) and English embarrassed. The Portuguese parentes (“relatives”) and English parents. The Chinese 手紙／手纸 (shǒuzhǐ, “toilet paper”) and Japanese 手紙 (tegami, “letter”), both of which are composed of the same characters. The Italian triviale (“vulgar”) and English trivial. The two words are cognate through the Latin root trivium (“crossroads”).

false friend (plural false friends)

1. (linguistics, translation studies, lexicography) A word in a language that bears a deceptive resemblance to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning.

   Synonyms: faux ami; false cousin (uncommon)

   A word and its false friend may well be etymologically related: in such cases semantic shifts have made them drift apart.

2. Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see false,‎ friend.

Hyponyms

• partial false friend

Descendants

• → Chinese: 假朋友 (jiǎpéngyou), 假友 (jiǎyǒu), 偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu) (calque)

Translations

type of word

Arabic: شِبْه نَظِير m (šibh naẓīr) Catalan: fals amic m Chinese: Mandarin: 偽友／伪友 (wěiyǒu), 假友 (jiǎyǒu), 假等義／假等义 (jiǎděngyì), 假朋友 (jiǎpéngyǒu), 同形异义词 (tóxíngyìyìcí) Danish: falsk ven Dutch: valse vriend m Esperanto: falsa amiko Finnish: petollinen ystävä (fi), väärä ystävä, sekaannussana (fi) French: faux-ami (fr) m Galician: falso amigo m German: falscher Freund (de) m, Übersetzungsfalle f Greek: ψευδόφιλος (el) f (psevdófilos) Hindi: झूठा दोस्त (jhūṭhā dost), झूठे दोस्त pl (jhūṭhe dost) Hungarian: hamis barát (hu), álbarát (hu) Icelandic: falsvinir m pl, svikatengsl n pl Indonesian: teman palsu Interlingua: false amico Irish: cara bréige m Italian: falso amico (it) m Japanese: 偽りの友 (いつわりのとも, itsuwari no tomo), 空似言葉 (sorani kotoba) Korean: 거짓 친구 (geojit chin'gu) Latin: falsus amicus m Latvian: viltusdraugs m Norwegian: Bokmål: falsk venn (no) m Nynorsk: falsk ven m, falsk venn m Persian: please add this translation if you can Polish: fałszywy przyjaciel (pl) m pers Portuguese: falso amigo (pt) m, heterossemântico (pt) m Romanian: prieten fals m Russian: ло́жный друг (ru) m (lóžnyj drug) Slovene: lažni prijatelj m Spanish: falso amigo (es) m, heterosemántico (es) m Swedish: falsk vän (sv) c

See also

• Category:False cognates and false friends, lists of false friends in various languages
• cognate
• false cognate (not to be confused)
• misnomer and phantonym (both with intralanguage relevance)

References

1. Christoph Gutknecht (2001) “Translation”, in Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, editors, The Handbook of Linguistics, Blackwell Publishers, page 698