-님

님 U+B2D8, 님 HANGUL SYLLABLE NIM Composition: ㄴ + ㅣ + ㅁ ← 닗 [U+B2D7] Hangul Syllables 닙 → [U+B2D9]

니닉닊닋닌닍닎 닏닐닑닒닓닔닕 닖닗님닙닚닛닜 닝닞닟닠닡닢닣
늬 ←	→ 다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 님〯 (Yale: nǐm), from Old Korean *nirim, transcribed in the eighth-century Japanese history Nihon Shoki as Baekje 二林 (“lord”) and variants.

Per the Japanese sources, the original meaning of the word was "lord; ruler"; thus Middle Korean 님〯금〮 (Yale: nǐmkúm, “monarch”) and 님〯잫 (Yale: nǐmcàh, “owner”) are almost certainly related. The semantic shift from "ruler" to "beloved" is also found in Japanese 君 (kimi).

The development of a noun for "lord" into an honorific marker is also common; see, for instance, Spanish señor. The development of the Internet slang pronoun arises from speakers adding -nim to the usernames of anonymous addressees in polite speech, leading to nim becoming used as a generic second-person pronoun.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [nim]
• Phonetic hangul: [님]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	nim
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	nim
McCune–Reischauer?	nim
Yale Romanization?	nim

Suffix

—님 • (-nim)

1. (honorific, after a title or a person's name) esteemed; Mr., Ms., Mrs.

   홍 길동 과장님 ― Hong Gildong gwajangnim ― Manager Mr Hong Gildong

Usage notes

님 (nim) is more respectful than 씨 (氏, ssi), another suffix equivalent to English "Mr.; Ms." This term is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific, often to refer to family members other than one's own.

This term is also the honorific used by the South Korean president since Kim Yong-sam, which replaced the previous 각하 (閣下, gakha)

Derived terms

• 누님 (nunim)
• 형님 (兄—, hyeongnim)
• 오라버님 (orabeonim)

See also

• 씨 (氏, ssi, “Mr., Ms.”)

Noun

님 • (nim)

1. (literary) beloved (object of speaker's love)
   • 1926, Han Yong-un, 한용운(韓龍雲), 님의 沈(침)默(묵) (Nim-ui Chimmuk) [The Beloved's Silence]:

     님은 갓슴니다 아々 사랑하는나의님은 갓슴니다

     Nimeun gatseumnida. Aa, saranghaneun naui nimeun gatseumnida.

     My beloved is gone. Ah, my beloved that I loved is gone.

2. (obsolete) lord

Usage notes

The prescribed South Korean standard of this word is 임 (im), following the South Korean sound rule that Early Modern Korean initial /ni/ is reflected as /i/. But because this word is often encountered in classical works where this rule was not applied, and because of the cultural impact of works using the nim variant such as Han Yong-un's 1926 Nim-ui Chimmuk (The Beloved's Silence) and the 1981 pro-democracy song Nim-eul wihan Haengjingok (Marching Song for the Beloved), the nim variant is actually the more common form.

In North Korea, where the sound rule is not applied, nim is standard prescriptively as well as descriptively.

Derived terms

• 나라님 (naranim, “king”)

See also

• 임 (im, “beloved”)
• 임금 (imgeum, “monarch”)
• 임자 (imja, “owner”)

Pronoun

님 • (nim)

1. (Internet slang) you (second-person pronoun)

Middle Korean

FWOTD – 14 February 2022

Etymology

From Old Korean *nirim. See Korean 님 (nim) for more.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /nǐm/

Noun

님〯 (nǐm)

1. lord, master
   • 1447, “Stanza 31”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

     數(숭〮)萬(먼〮)里(링〯)ㅿ 니〯미어〮시니〮

     SWÚ.MÉN.LǏ-z nǐm-ìGésìní

     As he is the master of tens of thousands of leagues [of land]

2. one's love, the beloved
   • 14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom)‎, published 16th century:

     七(칠)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 百(ᄇᆡᆨ)種(죠ᇰ) 排(ᄇᆡ)ᄒᆞ야 두고 니믈 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 녀가져 顧(원)을 비ᅀᆞᆸ노ᅌᅵ다

     CHIL.WUEL-s pwolwom-ay au POYK.CYWONG POY-hoya twukwo nim-ul hon toy nyekacye WEN-ul pizopnwongita

     On the night of the full moon in the seventh [lunar] month, oh, I set up a hundred kinds [of offerings] and make the prayer: may I be together [lit. "may I go in the same place"] with my love.

   • 14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa), published 16th century:

     어름 우희 댓 닙 자리 보와 님과 나와 어러 주글만뎌ᇰ 情(져ᇰ) 준 오ᄂᆞᆳ 밤 더듸 새오시라 더듸 새오시라

     elum wuh-uy tay-s nip cali pwowoa nim-kwa na-Gwa ele cwukul mantyeng CYENG cwun wonol-s pam tetuy sayGwosila tetuy sayGwosila

     Even if my love and I should freeze to death, having set up [only] a bed of bamboo leaves upon the ice, may this night when we make love pass slowly by, pass slowly by.

Related terms

• 님〯금〮 (nǐmkúm, “king; monarch”)
• 님〯잫 (nǐmcàh, “owner”)
• 샤〯님〯 (syǎnǐm, “husband”)

Descendants

• Korean: 님 (nim), 임 (im)

Suffix

님〯 (nǐm)

1. honored; esteemed; attached to nouns to show respect for the noun

Descendants

• Korean: 님 (nim)