𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *keusaną. Cognates include English choose, Dutch kiezen.

Verb

𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (kiusan)

1. to prove, test
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 2 Corinthians 8:8:

     𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌺 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃.

     ni swaswē fraujinōnds qiþa izwis, ak in þizōs anþaraizē usdaudeins jah izwaraizōs frijaþwōs airkniþa kiusands.

     I speak not by commandment, but by occasion of the forwardness of others, and to prove the sincerity of your love. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Galatians 6:4:

     𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌽 𐍈𐍉𐍆𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰;

     iþ waurstw sein silbins kiusai ƕarjizuh, jah þan in sis silbin ƕōftulja habai jah ni in anþaramma;

     But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. (KJV)

Conjugation

Class 2 strong
Infinitive	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 kiusan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰 kiusa	𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 kaus	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 kiusada
2nd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐍃 kiusis	𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄 kaust	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌶𐌰 kiusaza
3rd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 kiusiþ	𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 kaus	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 kiusada
1st dual	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍉𐍃 kiusōs	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿 kusu	—
2nd dual	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 kiusats	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 kusuts	—
1st plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌼 kiusam	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌼 kusum	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 kiusanda
2nd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 kiusiþ	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌸 kusuþ	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 kiusanda
3rd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 kiusand	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽 kusun	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 kiusanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌿 kiusau	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 kusjau	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusaidau
2nd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 kiusais	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 kuseis	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 kiusaizau
3rd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹 kiusai	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌹 kusi	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusaidau
1st dual	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 kiusaiwa	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 kuseiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 kiusaits	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 kuseits	—
1st plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 kiusaima	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 kuseima	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusaindau
2nd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌸 kiusaiþ	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 kuseiþ	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusaindau
3rd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 kiusaina	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 kuseina	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃 kius
3rd singular	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusadau
2nd dual	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 kiusats
2nd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 kiusiþ
3rd plural	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 kiusandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 kiusands	𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 kusans

Derived terms

• 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gakiusan)
• 𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (uskiusan)

Related terms

• 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kausjan)
• 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (kustus)