降級

Chinese

		to drop; to fall; to come down to drop; to fall; to come down; to descend; to surrender	level; grade; rank level; grade; rank; step
trad. (降級)		降	級
simp. (降级)		降	级

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiàngjí

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄐㄧˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³ kap¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kàng-kip / kàng-khip

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang³ kib⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàngjí
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄐㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàngjí
    • Wade–Giles: chiang⁴-chi²
    • Yale: jyàng-jí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianqjyi
    • Palladius: цзянцзи (czjanczi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gong³ kap¹
    • Yale: gong kāp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong³ kap⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong³ keb¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng-kip
    • Tâi-lô: kàng-kip
    • Phofsit Daibuun: karngkib
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kip̚⁵/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kip̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kip̚³²/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kip̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng-khip
    • Tâi-lô: kàng-khip
    • Phofsit Daibuun: karngqib
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰip̚⁵/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang³ kib⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng khip
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰip̚²/

Verb

降級

1. to reduce to a lower rank; to demote
2. to send (a student) to a lower grade
3. (computing) to downgrade

Synonyms

• (to demote):

edit

• 左遷／左迁 (zuǒqiān) (literary)
• 燉冬菇／炖冬菇 (dan⁶ dung¹ gu¹) (Cantonese)
• 甪職／甪职 (Hokkien)
• 落格 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 貶官／贬官 (biǎnguān) (an official)
• 貶斥／贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
• 貶職／贬职 (biǎnzhí) (literary)
• 貶黜／贬黜 (biǎnchù) (literary)
• 降職／降职 (jiàngzhí)

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
降	級
こう Grade: 6	きゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こーきゅう [kòókyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ːkʲɨː]

Noun

降(こう)級(きゅう) • (kōkyū) ^{←かうきふ (kaukifu)?}

1. demotion, reduction in rank

Antonyms

• 昇給(しょうきゅう) (shōkyū)

Verb

降(こう)級(きゅう)する • (kōkyū suru) ^{←かうきふ (kaukifu)?}suru (stem 降(こう)級(きゅう)し (kōkyū shi), past 降(こう)級(きゅう)した (kōkyū shita))

1. to demote, reduce in rank

Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	降級し	こうきゅうし	kōkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	降級し	こうきゅうし	kōkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	降級する	こうきゅうする	kōkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	降級する	こうきゅうする	kōkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	降級すれ	こうきゅうすれ	kōkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	降級せよ¹ 降級しろ²	こうきゅうせよ¹ こうきゅうしろ²	kōkyū seyo¹ kōkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	降級される	こうきゅうされる	kōkyū sareru
Causative	降級させる 降級さす	こうきゅうさせる こうきゅうさす	kōkyū saseru kōkyū sasu
Potential	降級できる	こうきゅうできる	kōkyū dekiru
Volitional	降級しよう	こうきゅうしよう	kōkyū shiyō
Negative	降級しない	こうきゅうしない	kōkyū shinai
Negative continuative	降級せず	こうきゅうせず	kōkyū sezu
Formal	降級します	こうきゅうします	kōkyū shimasu
Perfective	降級した	こうきゅうした	kōkyū shita
Conjunctive	降級して	こうきゅうして	kōkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	降級すれば	こうきゅうすれば	kōkyū sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Conjugation of "降級する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

References

1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN