酵
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
酵 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 14647, composition ⿰酉孝)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868
- Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3582, character 8
- Unihan data for U+9175
Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruːs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.
Etymology
In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): haau1 / gaau3 / haau3
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): háu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ciau; 5shiau; 5kau
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiào
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiào
- Wade–Giles: chiao4
- Yale: jyàu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
- Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siào
- Wade–Giles: hsiao4
- Yale: syàu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
- Palladius: сяо (sjao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haau1 / gaau3 / haau3
- Yale: hāau / gaau / haau
- Cantonese Pinyin: haau1 / gaau3 / haau3
- Guangdong Romanization: hao1 / gao3 / hao3
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːu̯⁵⁵/, /kaːu̯³³/, /haːu̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- haau1 - most common pronunciation;
- gaau3 - prescribed pronunciation;
- haau3 - variant.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kau
- Hakka Romanization System: gau
- Hagfa Pinyim: gau4
- Sinological IPA: /kau̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: háu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɑu²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàu
- Tâi-lô: kàu
- Phofsit Daibuun: kaux
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kau²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu
- Tâi-lô: hàu
- Phofsit Daibuun: haux
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- kàu - literary;
- kàⁿ - vernacular;
- hàu - vernacular (俗).
Note:
- Middle Chinese: kaewH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/
Definitions
酵
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
酵
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Readings
Compounds
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 酵 (MC kaewH). The original reading is 교 (gyo); the prominently-used 효 (hyo) is from a corrupted or unorthodox reading.
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 교〯 (kywǒ) (Yale: kyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ço(ː)] ~ [kjo(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)/교(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Wikisource 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)), 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
酵: Hán Nôm readings: diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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