海水

Chinese

		ocean; sea	water; river
simp. and trad. (海水)		海	水

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	呼改切	式軌切
Baxter	xojX	sywijX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hʌiX/	/ɕˠiuɪX/
Pan Wuyun	/həiX/	/ɕʷᵚiX/
Shao Rongfen	/xɒiX/	/ɕiuɪX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/həjX/	/ɕjwiX/
Li Rong	/xᴀiX/	/ɕjuiX/
Wang Li	/xɒiX/	/ɕwiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xɑ̆iX/	/ɕwiX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hǎi	shuǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi2	seoi2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hǎi	shuǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ xojX ›	‹ sywijX ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)	/*s.turʔ/ (E dialect: *-r > *-j)
English	sea	water; river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	海	水
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9283	11948
Phonetic component	母	水
Rime group	之	脂
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	海	水
Old Chinese	/*hmlɯːʔ/	/*qʰʷljilʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hǎishuǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ фи (he fi, II-II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoi² seoi²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hoi² sui²

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hói-súi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hoi³ sui³

• Northern Min (KCR): huǒi-sṳ̌
• Eastern Min (BUC): hāi-cūi
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai³ zui³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hái-chúi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hai² zui²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵he-sy

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hǎishuǐ [Phonetic: háishuǐ]
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hǎishuěi
    • Wade–Giles: hai³-shui³
    • Yale: hǎi-shwěi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haeshoei
    • Palladius: хайшуй (xajšuj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ фи (he fi, II-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɛ⁵¹ fi⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi² seoi²
    • Yale: hói séui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi² soey²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi² sêu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hoi² sui²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔi⁵⁵ sui⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói-súi
    • Hakka Romanization System: hoi^ˋ sui^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hoi³ sui³
    • Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹ su̯i³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hoi³ sui³
    • Sinological IPA: /hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huǒi-sṳ̌
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛ²¹ sy²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hāi-cūi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³³⁻³⁵ ^(t͡s-)ʒui³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hai³ zui³ [Phonetic: hai⁵ lui³]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hâi-cûi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^(t͡s-)lui⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hai³ zui³ [Phonetic: hai⁵ lui³]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³³²⁻²¹ ^(t͡s-)lui³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hái-chúi
    • Tâi-lô: hái-tsuí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hayzuie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hai² zui²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hái tsúi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵he-sy
    • MiniDict: he^去 sy
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²he-sr
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /he³³ sz̩⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: xojX sywijX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ  s.turʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hmlɯːʔ  qʰʷljilʔ/

Noun

海水

1. seawater; ocean water

   海水淡化  ―  hǎishuǐ dànhuà  ―  seawater desalinization

Derived terms

• 半海水 (bànhǎishuǐ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (海水):

• → Japanese: 海水(かいすい) (kaisui)
• → Korean: 해수(海水) (haesu)

References

• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “90 潮水”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 299.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
海	水
かい Grade: 2	すい Grade: 1
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
海水 (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From 海 (kai, "sea," "ocean") + 水 (sui, "water," "cold water").

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かいすい [kàísúí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠isɨi]

Noun

海(かい)水(すい) • (kaisui) 

1. seawater

Derived terms

• 海水(かいすい)パンツ (kaisui pantsu): men's bathing suit
• 海水温(かいすいおん) (kaisuion): seawater temperature
• 海水魚(かいすいぎょ) (kaisuigyo): saltwater fish
• 海水着(かいすいぎ) (kaisuigi): bathing suit
• 海水帽(かいすいぼう) (kaisuibō): bathing cap
• 海水浴(かいすいよく) (kaisuiyoku): sea bathing
• 海水浴場(かいすいよくじょう) (kaisuiyokujō): swimming area