歷史

See also: 历史 and 歴史

Chinese

		to experience; to undergo; to pass through to experience; to undergo; to pass through; all; each; every; calendar	history
trad. (歷史)		歷	史
simp. (历史)		历	史

Wikipedia has an article on:

• 歷史

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	錫 (127)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎擊切	踈士切
Baxter	lek	sriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/	/ʃɨX/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/	/ʃɨX/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/	/ʃieX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/	/ʂɨX/
Li Rong	/lek̚/	/ʃiəX/
Wang Li	/liek̚/	/ʃĭəX/
Bernard Karlgren	/liek̚/	/ʂiX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì	shǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik6	si2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì	shǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›	‹ sriX ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/	/*s-rəʔ/
English	pass by; in turn	scribe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7980	11487
Phonetic component	秝	史
Rime group	錫	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂	史
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/	/*srɯʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): lìshǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni² si³

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лисы (lisɨ, II-III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lik⁶ si²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): let⁵ lhu²

• Gan (Wiktionary): lit⁶ 'si³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): li̍t-sṳ́

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lid⁶ si³

• Northern Min (KCR): lĭ-sǔ
• Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk-sṳ̄
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): leh⁷ so³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): le̍k-sú / lia̍k-sír / lia̍k-sí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ se²

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁸liq-sy₅ / ⁸liq-sy₃ / ⁷liq₈-sy₃

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lìshǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lìshǐh
    • Wade–Giles: li⁴-shih³
    • Yale: lì-shř
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lihshyy
    • Palladius: лиши (liši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ni² si³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lis
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹ sz̩⁵³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лисы (lisɨ, II-III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹ sz̩⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lik⁶ si²
    • Yale: lihk sí
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹ si²
    • Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶ xi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚² siː³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: let⁵ lhu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /let̚³² ɬu⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: lit⁶ 'si³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lit̚⁵ ˈsz̩²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t-sṳ́
    • Hakka Romanization System: lid sii^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lid⁶ si³
    • Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵ sɨ³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lid⁶ si³
    • Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵ sz̩³¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ-sǔ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴ su²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk-sṳ̄
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵⁻³³ sy³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: leh⁷ so³ [Phonetic: leh⁶ so³]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛʔ⁴⁻¹ ɬo⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: leh⁷ so³ [Phonetic: leh⁶ so³]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɛʔ²⁴⁻² ɬɵ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k-sú
    • Tâi-lô: li̍k-sú
    • Phofsit Daibuun: legsuo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁵³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³/
    • IPA (Changtai): /lek̚³⁻³² su⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sír
    • Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sír
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴⁻² sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sí
    • Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liagsie
    • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /liak̚²⁴⁻² si⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lêh⁸ se²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h sṳ́
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴⁻² sɯ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸liq-sy₅
    • MiniDict: lih^入 sy^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵liq-sr₂
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁸liq-sy₃
    • MiniDict: lih^入 sy^上
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /liɪʔ²² sz̩⁵¹/
  • (Northern: Jiaxing)
    • Wugniu: ⁷liq₈-sy₃
    • MiniDict: lih^入 sy^上
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /liɪʔ⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: lek sriX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek  s-rəʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ  srɯʔ/

Noun

歷史

1. (uncountable) history (the study of past events)

   歷史感／历史感  ―  lìshǐ gǎn  ―  sense of history

   歷史觀點／历史观点  ―  lìshǐ guāndiǎn  ―  view of history

   縱觀歷史／纵观历史  ―  zòngguān lìshǐ  ―  throughout history

   古代歷史／古代历史  ―  gǔdài lìshǐ  ―  ancient history

   歷史故事／历史故事  ―  lìshǐ gùshi  ―  stories from history

   歷史文獻／历史文献  ―  lìshǐ wénxiàn  ―  historical document

   歷史事件／历史事件  ―  lìshǐ shìjiàn  ―  historical event

   歷史人物／历史人物  ―  lìshǐ rénwù  ―  historical figure

   歷史古跡／历史古迹  ―  lìshǐ gǔjì  ―  historical site

   歷史是由勝利者書寫的。 [MSC, trad.]
   历史是由胜利者书写的。 [MSC, simp.]

   Lìshǐ shì yóu shènglìzhě shūxiě de. [Pinyin]

   History is written by the victors.

   此說是否為歷史事實，近代頗有爭議。 [MSC, trad.]
   此说是否为历史事实，近代颇有争议。 [MSC, simp.]

   Cǐ shuō shìfǒu wéi lìshǐ shìshí, jìndài pōyǒu zhēngyì. [Pinyin]

   Whether this theory is historical fact has been a source of considerable contention in recent times.

2. (countable) past events; historical happenings; history (Classifier: 段)
3. (uncountable) Short for 歷史學／历史学 (lìshǐxué, “the study of history; historiography”).
4. (countable, computing) history (record of previous user events) (Classifier: 條／条 m)

   瀏覽歷史／浏览历史  ―  liúlǎn lìshǐ  ―  browsing history

   搜索歷史／搜索历史  ―  sōusuǒ lìshǐ  ―  search history

Usage notes

Just like in English, this Chinese term can refer to history as in the study of past events, as well as the past considered as a whole, or connected with a particular person or thing.

Derived terms

• 創造歷史／创造历史 (chuàngzào lìshǐ)
• 口述歷史／口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
• 歷史主義／历史主义 (lìshǐ zhǔyì)
• 歷史劇／历史剧
• 歷史化／历史化 (lìshǐhuà)
• 歷史名詞／历史名词
• 歷史唯心主義／历史唯心主义
• 歷史唯物主義／历史唯物主义 (lìshǐ wéiwù zhǔyì)
• 歷史學／历史学 (lìshǐxué)
• 歷史學家／历史学家 (lìshǐxuéjiā)
• 歷史家／历史家 (lìshǐjiā)
• 歷史小說／历史小说 (lìshǐ xiǎoshuō)
• 歷史年表／历史年表
• 歷史性／历史性 (lìshǐxìng)
• 歷史文學／历史文学
• 歷史文物／历史文物 (lìshǐ wénwù)
• 歷史時代／历史时代
• 歷史比較語言學／历史比较语言学
• 歷史社會學／历史社会学 (lìshǐ shèhuìxué)
• 歷史線圖／历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
• 歷史虛無主義／历史虚无主义 (lìshǐ xūwú zhǔyì)
• 歷史觀／历史观 (lìshǐguān)
• 歷史語言學／历史语言学 (lìshǐ yǔyánxué)
• 歷史語詞／历史语词
• 歷史遺產／历史遗产 (lìshǐ yíchǎn)
• 歷史重演／历史重演
• 近現代史／近现代史 (jìnxiàndàishǐ)

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
歷	史
れき Jinmeiyō	し Grade: 5
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 歷史 – see the following entry.

【歴史れきし】 [noun] history [noun] the study of history

(This term, 歷史, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
歷	史

Noun

歷史 • (yeoksa) (hangeul 역사)

1. hanja form^? of 역사 (“history”) (South Korea)

Noun

歷史 • (ryeoksa) (hangeul 력사)

1. hanja form^? of 력사 (“history”) (North Korea)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
歷	史

Noun

歷史

1. chữ Hán form of lịch sử (“history”).