勞動

See also: 勞働, 労働, and 劳动

Chinese

		toil	to move; to change; to use to move; to change; to use; to act
trad. (勞動)		勞	動
simp. (劳动)		劳	动
alternative forms		勞働 rare

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts in the sense, "to do (physical) exercise" and "physical work; toil", and in literary Chinese as an expression of politeness.

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character	勞	動
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	魯刀切	徒揔切
Baxter	law	duwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑu/	/duŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑu/	/duŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑu/	/duŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/law/	/dəwŋX/
Li Rong	/lɑu/	/duŋX/
Wang Li	/lɑu/	/duŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/lɑu/	/dʱuŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	láo	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lou4	dung6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勞	動
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	láo	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ law ›	‹ duwngX ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁaw/	/*[Cə-m-]tˁoŋʔ/
English	toil	move
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勞	動
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	7647	17449
Phonetic component	勞	重
Rime group	宵	東
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	勞	動
Old Chinese	/*raːw/	/*doːŋʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): láodòng

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁴ dung⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lò-thung
• Eastern Min (BUC): lò̤-dông
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lor² dorng⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lô-tōng / lô͘-tǒng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lao⁵ dong⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶lau-don₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: láodòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: láodòng
    • Wade–Giles: lao²-tung⁴
    • Yale: láu-dùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: laudonq
    • Palladius: лаодун (laodun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Yale: lòuh duhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯²¹ tʊŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lò-thung
    • Hakka Romanization System: lo^ˇ tung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lo² tung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lo¹¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lò̤-dông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃o⁵³⁻²¹ ^(t-)louŋ²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lor² dorng⁵ [Phonetic: lor⁴ lorng⁵]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^(t-)lɒŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô-tōng
    • Tâi-lô: lô-tōng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loi'dong
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lo¹³⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lo²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lo²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô͘-tǒng
    • Tâi-lô: lôo-tǒng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lao⁵ dong⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâu tŏng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ toŋ³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶lau-don₆
    • MiniDict: lau^去 don^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lau-don₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lɔ²² doŋ⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: law duwngX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤaw  [Cə-m-]tˤoŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*raːw  doːŋʔ/

Noun

勞動

1. physical work; toil

   熱愛勞動／热爱劳动  ―  rè'ài láodòng  ―  to love physical work

   勞動人民文化宮／劳动人民文化宫  ―  Láodòng Rénmín Wénhuàgōng  ―  Working People's Cultural Palace

2. labor

   勞動仲裁／劳动仲裁  ―  láodòng zhòngcái  ―  labor arbitration

   勞動關係／劳动关系  ―  láodòng guānxì  ―  labor relations

Verb

勞動

1. to do physical work; to do manual labour; to toil
2. to perform labor
3. (archaic) to do physical exercise

Synonyms

• (to do physical work): 操作 (cāozuò), 幹活／干活 (gànhuó)

Derived terms

• 具體勞動／具体劳动 (jùtǐ láodòng)
• 剩餘勞動／剩余劳动 (shèngyú láodòng)
• 勞動人民／劳动人民 (láodòng rénmín)
• 勞動保護／劳动保护
• 勞動保險／劳动保险
• 勞動力／劳动力 (láodònglì)
• 勞動合同／劳动合同 (láodòng hétóng)
• 勞動密集／劳动密集 (láodòng mìjí)
• 勞動密集型／劳动密集型 (láodòng mìjíxíng)
• 勞動專業化／劳动专业化
• 勞動對象／劳动对象 (láodòng duìxiàng)
• 勞動布／劳动布
• 勞動市場／劳动市场 (láodòng shìchǎng)
• 勞動強度／劳动强度
• 勞動改造／劳动改造 (láodòng gǎizào)
• 勞動教養／劳动教养 (láodòng jiàoyǎng)
• 勞動日／劳动日
• 勞動服／劳动服
• 勞動模範／劳动模范 (láodòng mófàn)
• 勞動權／劳动权
• 勞動法／劳动法 (láodòngfǎ)
• 勞動爭議／劳动争议
• 勞動生產率／劳动生产率 (láodòng shēngchǎnlǜ)
• 勞動節／劳动节 (láodòngjié)
• 勞動組合／劳动组合 (láodòng zǔhé)
• 勞動者／劳动者 (láodòngzhě)
• 勞動階級／劳动阶级 (láodòng jiējí)
• 勞模／劳模 (láomó)
• 家務勞動／家务劳动 (jiāwù láodòng)
• 強迫勞動／强迫劳动
• 必要勞動／必要劳动 (bìyào láodòng)
• 抽象勞動／抽象劳动 (chōuxiàng láodòng)
• 社會必要勞動時間／社会必要劳动时间 (shèhuì bìyāo láodòng shíjiān)
• 腦力勞動／脑力劳动 (nǎolì láodòng)
• 誠實勞動／诚实劳动 (chéngshí láodòng)
• 體力勞動／体力劳动 (tǐlì láodòng)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (勞動):

• → Japanese: 労働(ろうどう) (rōdō)
• → Korean: 로동/노동(勞動) (rodong/nodong)
• → Vietnamese: lao động (勞動)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): láodong

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˊ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁴ dung⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lô-tōng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: láodong
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˊ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: láodo̊ng
    • Wade–Giles: lao²-tung⁵
    • Yale: láu-dung
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lau.dong
    • Palladius: лаодун (laodun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɑʊ̯³⁵ d̥ʊŋ³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Yale: lòuh duhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁴ dung⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯²¹ tʊŋ²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô-tōng
    • Tâi-lô: lô-tōng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loi'dong
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lo²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/

Verb

勞動

1. (polite, colloquial, dated) to bother or trouble someone; to politely request someone to do something

Japanese

Kanji in this term
勞	動
ろう Hyōgai	どう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Noun

勞(ろう)動(どう) • (rōdō) 

1. Kyūjitai form of 労働: labour; labor

Verb

勞(ろう)動(どう)する • (rōdō suru) suru (stem 勞(ろう)動(どう)し (rōdō shi), past 勞(ろう)動(どう)した (rōdō shita))

1. Kyūjitai form of 労働: perform work, labor

Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	勞動し	ろうどうし	rōdō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	勞動し	ろうどうし	rōdō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	勞動する	ろうどうする	rōdō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	勞動する	ろうどうする	rōdō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	勞動すれ	ろうどうすれ	rōdō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	勞動せよ¹ 勞動しろ²	ろうどうせよ¹ ろうどうしろ²	rōdō seyo¹ rōdō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	勞動される	ろうどうされる	rōdō sareru
Causative	勞動させる 勞動さす	ろうどうさせる ろうどうさす	rōdō saseru rōdō sasu
Potential	勞動できる	ろうどうできる	rōdō dekiru
Volitional	勞動しよう	ろうどうしよう	rōdō shiyō
Negative	勞動しない	ろうどうしない	rōdō shinai
Negative continuative	勞動せず	ろうどうせず	rōdō sezu
Formal	勞動します	ろうどうします	rōdō shimasu
Perfective	勞動した	ろうどうした	rōdō shita
Conjunctive	勞動して	ろうどうして	rōdō shite
Hypothetical conditional	勞動すれば	ろうどうすれば	rōdō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Conjugation of "勞動する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
勞	動

Noun

勞動 • (rodong) (hangeul 로동)

1. hanja form^? of 로동 (“labour ("North Korea")”)

Noun

勞動 • (nodong) (hangeul 노동)

1. hanja form^? of 노동 (“labour ("South Korea")”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
勞	動

Noun

勞動

1. chữ Hán form of lao động (“labour”).