ἐκτός

See also: εκτός, έκτος, and ἕκτος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ἐχθός (ekhthós)

Etymology

From ἐκ (ek, “out”), formed on the model of ἐντός (entós, “within, inside”).^[1] Cognate with Old Irish acht (“but, provided that”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau, “or, otherwise”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ek.tós/ → /ekˈtos/ → /ekˈtos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ek.tós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ekˈtos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ekˈtos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ekˈtos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ekˈtos/

Adverb

ἐκτός • (ektós)

1. without, outside, out
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.80
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.2.3
   • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 474D
   • 53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 15:2
   • 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, The Fisherman 6
   • 200 CE – 400 CE, Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica 10.5
2. (absolute) external, strange, vulgar
   • 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 231
   • 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.4.8
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 629D
   • 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.47.10
3. out
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 269
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1402
   • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 18
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 616A
   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 676
   • 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 1117
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1189

Preposition

ἐκτός • (ektós) (governs the genitive)

1. out of, far from
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.13
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.608
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.219
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1260
   • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.289
   • 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 995
   • 262 BCE – 190 BCE, Apollonius of Perga, Conics 1.8
   • 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 754
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.133
   • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 332
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 504
   • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 614
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 724
   • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 523B
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 498C
   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Epidemics 7.90
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 640
   • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 330
   • 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 771

Descendants

• Greek: εκτός (ektós)
• → English: ecto-

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐκτός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399

Further reading

• “ἐκτός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἐκτός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἐκτός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἐκτός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἐκτός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• ἐκτός in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
• “ἐκτός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G1622 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• ἐκτός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • beside idem, page 75.
  • except idem, page 288.
  • forth idem, page 339.
  • free idem, page 343.
  • out idem, page 581.
  • outside idem, page 583.
  • reach idem, page 675.
  • without idem, page 984.