फल

See also: फल्, फूल, फलो, फालौ, फलों, फूलो, and फूलों

Hindi

Hindi Wikipedia has an article on:

फल

Wikipedia ^hi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Hindi फल (phal)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phála), commonly considered a borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam (“ripe fruit”). Cognate with Gujarati ફળ (phaḷ), Nepali फल (phal), Marathi फळ (phaḷ), Marwari फळ (phaḷ).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /fəl/, [fɐl], /pʰəl/, [pʰɐl]
• Rhymes: -əl

Noun

फल • (phal) m (Urdu spelling پھل)

1. fruits

   वह पक्का फल खाने में अच्छा था।

   vah pakkā phal khāne mẽ acchā thā.

   The ripe fruit was good to eat.

2. result, outcome

   Synonym: परिणाम (pariṇām)

   उसने अपने परिश्रम के फल का उपभोग किया।

   usne apne pariśram ke phal kā upbhog kiyā.

   He enjoyed the results of his labor.

Declension

	singular	plural
direct	फल phal	फल phal
oblique	फल phal	फलों phalõ
vocative	फल phal	फलो phalo

Declension of फल (masc cons-stem)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “फल”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “phála”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Nepali

Nepali Wikipedia has an article on:

फल

Wikipedia ^ne

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Nepali फल (phal)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phala), borrowed from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pʰʌl]
• Phonetic Devanagari: फल्

Noun

फल • (phal)

1. fruit
2. reward

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pʰʌlʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: फलअ

Verb

फल • (phala)

1. second-person mid respect singular imperative of फल्नु (phalnu)

References

• “फल”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “फल”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Old Awadhi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Old Awadhi फल (phala)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phala), borrowed from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam.

Noun

फल (phala)

1. fruit
   • c. 1500s CE, Tulsīdās, Hanumān Cālīsā :

     बरनउँ रघुबर बिमल जसु जो दायकु फल चारि

     baranaüm̐ raghubara bimala jasu jo dāyaku phala cāri

     I describe the unblemished glory of Rama, which bestows the four fruits

Old Gujarati

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Old Gujarati फल (phala)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phala), borrowed from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam.

Noun

फल • (phala) n

1. fruit
2. result, outcome

Descendants

• Gujarati: ફળ (phaḷ)
• Marwari: फळ (phaḷ)

References

• Ernest Bender (1951) Nalarāyadavadantīcarita [Adventures of King Nala and Davadantī], Independence Square, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, page 358.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• phala (Latin script)
• 𑀨𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ফল (Bengali script)
• ඵල (Sinhalese script)
• ဖလ or ၽလ (Burmese script)
• ผล or ผะละ (Thai script)
• ᨹᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ຜລ or ຜະລະ (Lao script)
• ផល (Khmer script)
• 𑄜𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

फल n

1. Devanagari script form of phala

Declension

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	फलं (phalaṃ)	फलानि (phalāni)
Accusative (second)	फलं (phalaṃ)	फलानि (phalāni)
Instrumental (third)	फलेन (phalena)	फलेहि (phalehi) or फलेभि (phalebhi)
Dative (fourth)	फलस्स (phalassa) or फलाय (phalāya) or फलत्थं (phalatthaṃ)	फलानं (phalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	फलस्मा (phalasmā) or फलम्हा (phalamhā) or फला (phalā)	फलेहि (phalehi) or फलेभि (phalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	फलस्स (phalassa)	फलानं (phalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	फलस्मिं (phalasmiṃ) or फलम्हि (phalamhi) or फले (phale)	फलेसु (phalesu)
Vocative (calling)	फल (phala)	फलानि (phalāni)

Declension table of "फल" (neuter)

Rajbanshi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)

Rajbanshi फल

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phala), borrowed from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam.

Noun

फल (phal) (classifier ड, plural फलला)

1. fruit

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ফল (Assamese script)
• ᬨᬮ (Balinese script)
• ফল (Bengali script)
• 𑰣𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀨𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ဖလ (Burmese script)
• ફલ (Gujarati script)
• ਫਲ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌫𑌲 (Grantha script)
• ꦦꦭ (Javanese script)
• 𑂤𑂪 (Kaithi script)
• ಫಲ (Kannada script)
• ផល (Khmer script)
• ຜລ (Lao script)
• ഫല (Malayalam script)
• ᡦᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘣𑘩 (Modi script)
• ᠹᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧃𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐦𑐮 (Newa script)
• ଫଲ (Odia script)
• ꢧꢭ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆦𑆬 (Sharada script)
• 𑖣𑖩 (Siddham script)
• ඵල (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩱𑩽 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚟𑚥 (Takri script)
• ப²ல (Tamil script)
• ఫల (Telugu script)
• ผล (Thai script)
• ཕ་ལ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒤𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨟𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.

Sanskrit फल (phala)

Uncertain. The original meaning was "fruit". It is commonly considered a borrowing from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam (“ripe fruit”), from *paẓV- (“to ripen, become mature”) (compare Tamil பழம் (paḻam), Malayalam പഴം (paḻaṁ), Telugu పండు (paṇḍu) and Kannada ಹಣ್ಣು (haṇṇu)). However, Mayrhofer says nothing speaks for that and instead groups it with the family of words derived from the root फल् (phal, “to burst, split”) (as ripe fruit is prone to burst, see below for other words related to "bursting, splitting"). It might derive from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- (“to swell”) (with devoicing due to Siebs's law with an s-mobile).^[1] Another possibility is Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split, tear off”) (for which see Lithuanian spãlis (“flax boon; October”) for more potential cognates).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pʰɐ́.lɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pʰɐ.l̪ɐ/

Noun

फल • (phala) stem, m

1. coral swirl (Wrightia antidysenterica)

   Synonyms: काही (kāhī), शनपर्णी (śanaparṇī), गिरिमल्लिका (girimallikā), कौटज (kauṭaja), वृक्षक (vṛkṣaka), शक्रपादप (śakrapādapa), सङ्ग्राहिन् (saṅgrāhin), वत्सक (vatsaka), वरतिक्त (varatikta), कुटज (kuṭaja), शक्रपर्याय (śakraparyāya), कोहिन् (kohin), शक्र (śakra), भद्रज (bhadraja), वत्साह्वय (vatsāhvaya), तिक्त (tikta), महागन्ध (mahāgandha), कौट (kauṭa), शक्रवृक्ष (śakravṛkṣa), वृक्ष (vṛkṣa), कूटज (kūṭaja), प्रावृषेण्य (prāvṛṣeṇya), कलिङ्ग (kaliṅga), प्रावृष्य (prāvṛṣya), कालिङ्गक (kāliṅgaka), यवफल (yavaphala), पाण्डुरद्रुम (pāṇḍuradruma), कालिङ्ग (kāliṅga)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of फल

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	फलः (phalaḥ)	फलौ (phalau) फला¹ (phalā¹)	फलाः (phalāḥ) फलासः¹ (phalāsaḥ¹)
vocative	फल (phala)	फलौ (phalau) फला¹ (phalā¹)	फलाः (phalāḥ) फलासः¹ (phalāsaḥ¹)
accusative	फलम् (phalam)	फलौ (phalau) फला¹ (phalā¹)	फलान् (phalān)
instrumental	फलेन (phalena)	फलाभ्याम् (phalābhyām)	फलैः (phalaiḥ) फलेभिः¹ (phalebhiḥ¹)
dative	फलाय (phalāya)	फलाभ्याम् (phalābhyām)	फलेभ्यः (phalebhyaḥ)
ablative	फलात् (phalāt)	फलाभ्याम् (phalābhyām)	फलेभ्यः (phalebhyaḥ)
genitive	फलस्य (phalasya)	फलयोः (phalayoḥ)	फलानाम् (phalānām)
locative	फले (phale)	फलयोः (phalayoḥ)	फलेषु (phaleṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

फल • (phála) stem, n

1. fruit

   इदं फलम् मदीयम्। ― idaṃ phalam madīyam. ― This fruit is mine.

   बालिका वानरेभ्यः फलानि यच्छति। ― bālikā vānarebhyaḥ phalāni yacchati. ― The girl gives fruits to the monkeys.

   Synonyms: सस्य (sasya), प्रसून (prasūna), परीर (parīra), इष्टि (iṣṭi)

2. kernel or seed of a fruit
   1. nutmeg
3. profit, gain, reward
   1. interest on capital
   2. compensation
   3. booty
4. (figuratively) result, yield, consequence, effect, retribution

   Synonyms: परिणाम (pariṇāma), व्युष्टि (vyuṣṭi), सद (sada), भव्य (bhavya)

5. benefit, enjoyment
6. (rhetoric) the issue or end of an action
7. (mathematics) result of a calculation
   1. product or quotient
   2. (mathematics, arithmetics) mean ― The third term in the rule of three or cross-multiplication
8. (mathematics, geometry) area or superficial contents of a figure
9. corrective equation
10. menstrual discharge, menses, periods

    Synonym: प्रसव (prasava)

11. gift, donation
12. gameboard
13. blade (of fan, etc.)
    1. vane, weathervane (of wind mill)
    2. arrowhead
    3. shield
    4. ploughshare
14. a point or spot on a die

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of फल

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	फलम् (phálam)	फले (phále)	फलानि (phálāni) फला¹ (phálā¹)
vocative	फल (phála)	फले (phále)	फलानि (phálāni) फला¹ (phálā¹)
accusative	फलम् (phálam)	फले (phále)	फलानि (phálāni) फला¹ (phálā¹)
instrumental	फलेन (phálena)	फलाभ्याम् (phálābhyām)	फलैः (phálaiḥ) फलेभिः¹ (phálebhiḥ¹)
dative	फलाय (phálāya)	फलाभ्याम् (phálābhyām)	फलेभ्यः (phálebhyaḥ)
ablative	फलात् (phálāt)	फलाभ्याम् (phálābhyām)	फलेभ्यः (phálebhyaḥ)
genitive	फलस्य (phálasya)	फलयोः (phálayoḥ)	फलानाम् (phálānām)
locative	फले (phále)	फलयोः (phálayoḥ)	फलेषु (pháleṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• फलकोश (phalakośa, “scrotum”)
• फलपाक (phalapāka, “jam”)
• फलयोग (phalayoga, “reward”)
• फलरस (phalarasa, “juice”)
• फलवत् (phalavat, “fruit bearing”)
• फलसार (phalasāra, “pulp”)
• फलापण (phalāpaṇa, “fruit shop”)
• फलावाप्तये (phalāvāptaye, “for attaining the fruit”)

Related terms

• प्रफर्वी (prapharvī́, “voluptuous, lusty girl”)
• फलक (phálaka, “plank”)
• फल् (phal, “to obtain, bear fruit”)
• फल् (phal, “to burst”)
• फाल (phā́la, “ploughshare”)

Descendants

• Prakrit: 𑀨𑀮 (phala) (see there for further descendants)
• → Khmer: ផល (pʰɑl), ផល្លា (pʰalla)
• → Malay: pahala (ڤهالا), pala
  • Indonesian: pahala, pala
  • → Tagalog: pala
• → Malayalam: ഫലം (phalaṁ)
• → Old Javanese: phala
  • > Javanese: ꦥꦭ (pala, “fruit; nutmeg”), ꦥꦲꦭ (pahala, “merit”) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: ᬨᬮ (pala, “fruit; result”)
• → Tamil: பலன் (palaṉ), பயன் (payaṉ)
• → Telugu: ఫలము (phalamu)
• → Thai: ผล (pǒn)

References

1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 201-2

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “फल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 716/2.