प्राण

See also: पुराण, प्राणु, पर्ण, and पूर्ण

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्राण (prāṇa).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /pɾɑːɳ/, [pɾä̃ːɳ]

Noun

प्राण • (prāṇ) m (Urdu spelling پراݨ)

1. vitality, life, spirit, animation

   Synonyms: जान (jān), दम (dam)

   उसके शरीर में कोई प्राण नहीं रहा।

   uske śarīr mẽ koī prāṇ nahī̃ rahā.

   There was no life left in his body.

2. (chiefly in compounds) breath

Declension

Declension of प्राण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	प्राण prāṇ	प्राण prāṇ
oblique	प्राण prāṇ	प्राणों prāṇõ
vocative	प्राण prāṇ	प्राणो prāṇo

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “प्राण”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्राण (prāṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pɾaɳ/

Noun

प्राण • (prāṇ) m

1. life, spirit, life force

   Synonym: जीव (jīv)

   त्याचे प्राण संकटात घालू नकोस!

   tyāce prāṇ saṅkṭāt ghālū nakos!

   Do not put his life in danger!

2. (figuratively) air, wind
3. (poetic) dearly loved

Declension

Declension of प्राण (masc cons-stem)
direct singular	प्राण prāṇ
direct plural	प्राण prāṇ
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	प्राण prāṇ		प्राण prāṇ
oblique सामान्यरूप	प्राणा prāṇā		प्राणां- prāṇān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	प्राणाला prāṇālā		प्राणांना prāṇānnā
ergative	प्राणाने, प्राणानं prāṇāne, prāṇāna		प्राणांनी prāṇānnī
instrumental	प्राणाशी prāṇāśī		प्राणांशी prāṇānśī
locative सप्तमी	प्राणात prāṇāt		प्राणांत prāṇāt
vocative संबोधन	प्राणा prāṇā		प्राणांनो prāṇānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of प्राण (masc cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	प्राणाचा prāṇāċā	प्राणाचे prāṇāċe	प्राणाची prāṇācī	प्राणाच्या prāṇācā	प्राणाचे, प्राणाचं prāṇāċe, prāṇāċa	प्राणाची prāṇācī	प्राणाच्या prāṇācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	प्राणांचा prāṇānċā	प्राणांचे prāṇānċe	प्राणांची prāṇāñcī	प्राणांच्या prāṇāncā	प्राणांचे, प्राणांचं prāṇānċe, prāṇānċa	प्राणांची prāṇāñcī	प्राणांच्या prāṇāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “प्राण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “प्राण”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• প্ৰাণ (Assamese script)
• ᬧ᭄ᬭᬵᬡ (Balinese script)
• প্রাণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• ပြာဏ (Burmese script)
• પ્રાણ (Gujarati script)
• ਪ੍ਰਾਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦿꦴꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ಪ್ರಾಣ (Kannada script)
• ប្រាណ (Khmer script)
• ປ຺ຣາຓ (Lao script)
• പ്രാണ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᡵᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘰𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠷᠠᢗᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧠𑧈𑧑𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐞 (Newa script)
• ପ୍ରାଣ (Odia script)
• ꢦ꣄ꢬꢵꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑇀𑆫𑆳𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖯𑖜 (Siddham script)
• ප්‍රාණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰 𑪙𑩼𑩛𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚭𑚘 (Takri script)
• ப்ராண (Tamil script)
• ప్రాణ (Telugu script)
• ปฺราณ (Thai script)
• པྲཱ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒰𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑩇𑨫𑨊𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

प्र- (pra-) +‎ अन (aná).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɾɑː.ɳɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɾɑː.ɳɐ/

Noun

प्राण • (prāṇá) stem, m

1. breath, respiration, the breath of life, vitality, life, vital air (usually plural in this sense)
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda
2. the first of the five life-winds or vital airs, which has its seat in the lungs (the other four being अपान (apāna), समान (samāna), व्यान (vyāna) and उदान (udāna))
3. wind, inhaled air
4. energy, vigor, strength, power (as in प्राणसार (prāṇasāra))
5. the spirit or soul (as opposed to शरीर (śarīra))
6. the Supreme Spirit (see आत्मन् (ātman))

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प्राण

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्राणः (prāṇáḥ)	प्राणौ (prāṇaú) प्राणा¹ (prāṇā́¹)	प्राणाः (prāṇā́ḥ) प्राणासः¹ (prāṇā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प्राणम् (prāṇám)	प्राणौ (prāṇaú) प्राणा¹ (prāṇā́¹)	प्राणान् (prāṇā́n)
instrumental	प्राणेन (prāṇéna)	प्राणाभ्याम् (prāṇā́bhyām)	प्राणैः (prāṇaíḥ) प्राणेभिः¹ (prāṇébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्राणाय (prāṇā́ya)	प्राणाभ्याम् (prāṇā́bhyām)	प्राणेभ्यः (prāṇébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्राणात् (prāṇā́t)	प्राणाभ्याम् (prāṇā́bhyām)	प्राणेभ्यः (prāṇébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्राणस्य (prāṇásya)	प्राणयोः (prāṇáyoḥ)	प्राणानाम् (prāṇā́nām)
locative	प्राणे (prāṇé)	प्राणयोः (prāṇáyoḥ)	प्राणेषु (prāṇéṣu)
vocative	प्राण (prā́ṇa)	प्राणौ (prā́ṇau) प्राणा¹ (prā́ṇā¹)	प्राणाः (prā́ṇāḥ) प्राणासः¹ (prā́ṇāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• प्राणिन् (prāṇín)

Descendants

• → Burmese: ပြန် (pran)
• → Kannada: ಪ್ರಾಣ (prāṇa)
• → English: prana
• → Hindi: प्राण (prāṇ)
• → Marathi: प्राण (prāṇ)
• → Odia: ପ୍ରାଣ (prāṇa)
• → Bengali: প্রাণ (pran)
• → Bengali: পরাণ (poran) (semi-learned)
• Pali: pāṇa
• → Telugu: ప్రాణము (prāṇamu)
• → Khmer: ប្រាណ (praan)
• → Thai: ปราณ (bpraan)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “प्राण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 701/3, 705/1-2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 188