दूर

See also: देर, द्रु, and दुर

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra), from Sanskrit दूर (dūrá). Also influenced by Classical Persian دور (dūr).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪uːɾ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uːɾ

Adjective

दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)

1. distant, far

   Antonyms: पास (pās), निकट (nikaṭ)

   आपका कार्यालय यहाँ से कितनी दूर है।

   āpkā kāryālay yahā̃ se kitnī dūr hai.

   How far is your office from here?

   पृथ्वी से शनि बहुत दूर है।

   pŕthvī se śani bahut dūr hai.

   Saturn is very distant from the Earth.

2. away, off

   वह सौ मीटर दूर खड़ा था।

   vah sau mīṭar dūr khaṛā thā.

   He was standing a hundred meters away.

   इन लड़कों को खेत से दूर रखो।

   in laṛkõ ko khet se dūr rakho.

   Keep these boys off the field.

Usage notes

दूर (dūr) can be considered an adverb in the same sense as it is considered an adjective.

Noun

दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)

1. distance, remoteness

Derived terms

• दूरी (dūrī)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “दूर”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “दूर”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dūrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit दूर (dūra).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪uɾ/, [d̪uːɾ]

Adjective

दूर • (dūra)

1. distant or remote in time or space

Further reading

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “दूर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দূৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬹᬭ (Balinese script)
• দূর (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰳𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ဒူရ (Burmese script)
• દૂર (Gujarati script)
• ਦੂਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍂𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦹꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂴𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ದೂರ (Kannada script)
• ទូរ (Khmer script)
• ທູຣ (Lao script)
• ദൂര (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡠᡠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘴𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠤᠤᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧕𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐹𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଦୂର (Odia script)
• ꢣꢹꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆷𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖳𑖨 (Siddham script)
• දූර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩒𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚱𑚤 (Takri script)
• தூ³ர (Tamil script)
• దూర (Telugu script)
• ทูร (Thai script)
• དཱུ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒴𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨃𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duHrás, from Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂rós (“long, far away”), from *dweh₂-. Cognate with Old Persian 𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹 (du-u-r-i-y /⁠dūraiy⁠/, “afar”) (whence Persian دور (dur, “far”)), Avestan 𐬛𐬏𐬭𐬁𐬝 (dūrāt̰, “from afar”), Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Latin dūrus, Old Armenian երկար (erkar, “long, extended”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /duː.ɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪uː.ɾɐ/

Adjective

दूर • (dūrá) stem

1. distant, far, long, remote
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.29.6:

     पता॑ति कुण्डृ॒णाच्या॑ दू॒रं वातो॒ वना॒दधि॑।
     आ तू न॑ इन्द्र शंसय॒ गोष्वश्वे॑षु शु॒भ्रिषु॑ स॒हस्रे॑षु तुवीमघ॥

     pátāti kuṇḍṛṇā́cyā dūráṃ vā́to vánādádhi.
     ā́ tū́ na indra śaṃsaya góṣváśveṣu śubhríṣu sahásreṣu tuvīmagha.

     Let us (adverse) breeze, with crooked course, alight afar off on the forest; Indra, of boundless wealth, enrich us with thousands of excellent cows and horses.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दूरः dūráḥ	दूरौ / दूरा¹ dūraú / dūrā́¹	दूराः / दूरासः¹ dūrā́ḥ / dūrā́saḥ¹
Vocative	दूर dū́ra	दूरौ / दूरा¹ dū́rau / dū́rā¹	दूराः / दूरासः¹ dū́rāḥ / dū́rāsaḥ¹
Accusative	दूरम् dūrám	दूरौ / दूरा¹ dūraú / dūrā́¹	दूरान् dūrā́n
Instrumental	दूरेण dūréṇa	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹
Dative	दूराय dūrā́ya	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Ablative	दूरात् dūrā́t	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Genitive	दूरस्य dūrásya	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām
Locative	दूरे dūré	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूरेषु dūréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दूरा (dūrā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दूरा dūrā́	दूरे dūré	दूराः dūrā́ḥ
Vocative	दूरे dū́re	दूरे dū́re	दूराः dū́rāḥ
Accusative	दूराम् dūrā́m	दूरे dūré	दूराः dūrā́ḥ
Instrumental	दूरया / दूरा¹ dūráyā / dūrā́¹	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूराभिः dūrā́bhiḥ
Dative	दूरायै dūrā́yai	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूराभ्यः dūrā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	दूरायाः / दूरायै² dūrā́yāḥ / dūrā́yai²	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूराभ्यः dūrā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	दूरायाः / दूरायै² dūrā́yāḥ / dūrā́yai²	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām
Locative	दूरायाम् dūrā́yām	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूरासु dūrā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दूरम् dūrám	दूरे dūré	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹
Vocative	दूर dū́ra	दूरे dū́re	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dū́rāṇi / dū́rā¹
Accusative	दूरम् dūrám	दूरे dūré	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹
Instrumental	दूरेण dūréṇa	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹
Dative	दूराय dūrā́ya	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Ablative	दूरात् dūrā́t	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Genitive	दूरस्य dūrásya	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām
Locative	दूरे dūré	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूरेषु dūréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

दूर • (dūrá) stem, n

1. distance, remoteness
2. come from afar
3. long way back or from a remote period

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	दूरम् dūrám	दूरे dūré	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹
Vocative	दूर dū́ra	दूरे dū́re	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dū́rāṇi / dū́rā¹
Accusative	दूरम् dūrám	दूरे dūré	दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹
Instrumental	दूरेण dūréṇa	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹
Dative	दूराय dūrā́ya	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Ablative	दूरात् dūrā́t	दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām	दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ
Genitive	दूरस्य dūrásya	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām
Locative	दूरे dūré	दूरयोः dūráyoḥ	दूरेषु dūréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Borrowed terms

• → Kannada: ದೂರ (dūra)
• → Malayalam: ദൂരം (dūraṁ)
• → Tamil: தூரம் (tūram)
• → Telugu: దూరము (dūramu)
• → Irula: தூர (tūra​)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Kashmiri: دوٗر (dūr)
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (dhūro)
  • Savi: [script needed] (duro)
  • Shina: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Tirahi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dur)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ދުރު (duru)
  • Sinhalese: දුර (dura)
• Khasa Prakrit:
  • Nepali: दुर् (dur)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Assamese: দূৰ (dur)
  • Bengali: দূর (dur)
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: दूर (dūr)
    • Maithili: दूर (dūr)
  • Odia: ଦୂର (dura)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Marathi: दूर (dūr)
• → Thai: โทร (too-rá-)
• → Khmer: ទូរ (tuu)
• → Lao: ໂທລະ (thō la)
• → Malay: dura
• Pali: dūra
• Paisaci Prakrit:
  • Takka Apabhramsa:
    • Punjabi: ਦੂਰ (dūr)
  • Vracada Apabhramsa:
    • Sindhi: डूरि (ḍūri)
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Garhwali: दूर (dūr)
  • Gujarati: દૂર (dūr)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: दूर (dūr)

    Urdu: دور (dūr)

  • Kumaoni: दुरो (duro)
  • Romani: dur

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “दूर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 489/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 739
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dūrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press