क्षम्

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ক্ষম্ (Assamese script)
• ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
• ক্ষম্ (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
• က္ၑမ် (Burmese script)
• ક્ષમ્ (Gujarati script)
• ਕ੍ਸ਼ਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
• ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
• ಕ್ಷಮ್ (Kannada script)
• ក្ឞម៑ (Khmer script)
• ກ຺ຩມ຺ (Lao script)
• ക്ഷമ് (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᢢᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
• ᢉᢔᠠᠮ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
• କ୍ଷମ୍ (Odia script)
• ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
• ක්‍ෂම් (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚶𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
• க்ஷம் (Tamil script)
• క్షమ్ (Telugu script)
• กฺษมฺ (Thai script)
• ཀྵ་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ḍẓʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬨 (zam), Latin humus, the source of English human; Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn), Persian زمین (zamin), Russian земля (zemlja).^[1]

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʂɐ́m/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /kʂɐm/

Noun

क्षम् • (kṣám) stem, f

1. ground, earth

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:भू

   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 8.46.6:

     कृ॒ष्णा रजां॑सि पत्सु॒तः प्र॒याणे॑ जा॒तवे॑दसः ।
     अ॒ग्निर्यद्रोध॑ति॒ क्षमि॑ ॥

     kṛṣṇā́ rájāṃsi patsutáḥ prayā́ṇe jātávedasaḥ.
     agníryádródhati kṣámi.

     As Jātavedas speeds along, the dust is black beneath his feet,
     When Agni spreads upon the earth.

Declension

Feminine root-stem declension of क्षम् (kṣám)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षास् kṣā́s	क्षामा kṣā́mā	क्षामस् / क्षास् kṣā́mas / kṣā́s
Vocative	क्षास् kṣā́s	क्षामा kṣā́mā	क्षास् kṣā́s
Accusative	क्षाम् kṣā́m	क्षामा kṣā́mā	क्षास् kṣā́s
Instrumental	क्षमा / ज्मा kṣamā́ / jmā́	क्षन्भ्याम् kṣanbhyā́m	क्षन्भिः kṣanbhíḥ
Dative	क्षे kṣé	क्षन्भ्याम् kṣanbhyā́m	क्षन्भ्यः kṣanbhyáḥ
Ablative	ग्मः / ज्मः / क्ष्मः gmáḥ / jmáḥ / kṣmáḥ	क्षन्भ्याम् kṣanbhyā́m	क्षन्भ्यः kṣanbhyáḥ
Genitive	ग्मः / ज्मः / क्ष्मः gmáḥ / jmáḥ / kṣmáḥ	क्षमोः kṣamóḥ	क्षमाम् kṣamā́m
Locative	क्षमि kṣámi	क्षमोः kṣamóḥ	क्षासु kṣā́su

Descendants

• Kalasha: čhom
• → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (“to bear, to endure”),^[2] probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos).^[3] Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, “to be contented, to resign oneself to”). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, “to endure, to tolerate, to go through”), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.

Root

क्षम् • (kṣam)

1. to submit; endure, suffer
2. pardon, forgive
3. resist

Derived terms

• अक्षंस्थास् (akṣaṃsthās)
• अक्षम (akṣama)
• क्षंस्यति (kṣaṃsyati)
• क्षंस्यते (kṣaṃsyate)
• क्षन्तुम् (kṣantum)
• क्षमता (kṣamatā)
• क्षमति (kṣamati)
• क्षमते (kṣamate)
• क्षमयति (kṣamayati)
• क्षमयाम् (kṣamayām)
• क्षमा (kṣamā)
• क्षमापय (kṣamāpaya)
• क्षमिष्यति (kṣamiṣyati)
• क्षम्यताम् (kṣamyatām)
• क्षम्यते (kṣamyate)
• क्षामयते (kṣāmayate)
• क्षाम्यति (kṣāmyati)
• चक्षण्वहे (cakṣaṇvahe)
• चक्षमे (cakṣame)

 

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “क्षम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 326/2.
• William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 28

1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 424-5
2. Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 425-6