Ying (state)

Ying (traditional Chinese: 應; simplified Chinese: 应; pinyin: Yīng) was a minor kingdom in eastern China that existed from circa 1030 BCE to 646 BCE. Sometime after its establishment it became a vassal state of the Western Zhou, which extended into the Spring and Autumn period. Ying briefly became a vassal state of Chu in the early-600s BCE, but was annexed by the Chu in 646 BCE. Ying was in modern-day Pingdingshan, Henan province, where many artifacts from the state have been unearthed.^[1]

State of Ying 應
c.1030 BCE–646 BCE
Ying 應 is located to the north of Chu and southeast of Zhou; it is not to be confused with Ying 英, a different state to the east of Chu.
Status	Vassal state
Capital	Pingdingshan
Common languages	Old Chinese
Religion	Chinese folk religion Ancestor veneration
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Zhou dynasty
• Established	c.1030 BCE
• Conquered by Chu	646 BCE
Today part of	China

History

The state of Ying was founded around 1030 BCE by Ying Hou, a younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou.^[2]: 312

Partial list of rulers

• 1. Ying Hou (應侯) younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou^[1]
• 2. Ying Hou Xiangong (應侯見工), son of Ying Hou^[3]

(Unknown intermediary king[s])

• Ying Ligong (or Xigong, 應釐公)^[4]

(Unknown intermediary king[s])

• Ying Houcheng (應侯爯)^[4]

(Unknown later king[s])

See also

• Warring States period

References

1. Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2001). "New Sources of Western Zhou History: Recent Discoveries of Inscribed Bronze Vessels". Early China. 26/27: 73–98. doi:10.1017/S0362502800007240. ISSN 0362-5028. JSTOR 23354199. S2CID 163754190.
2. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999-03-13). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521470308.
3. Wang, Longzheng (2009). "新见应侯见工簋铭文考释" [Explanation of the New Discoveries of Ying Hou Xiangong's gui Inscription]. Central Plains Historical Relics (in Chinese). 5: 54–58 – via Ai Xueshu.
4. "应侯簋考释" [Examination of Ying Hou's gui Inscription]. Cultural Sinology Reports (in Chinese). 15: 1–5 – via Baidu.

Further reading

• Liu, Yuan (Spring 2005). "读《西周封国考疑》" [Commentary on Verifying Western Zhou Vassals]. Chinese Historical Research Trends (in Chinese): 28–29
• Ying, Weiqiang 古应国文明史 [Ancient History of the Ying Civilization]. (in Chinese)