Yanchep line

"Northern Suburbs Railway" redirects here. For the proposed light rail system in Hobart, see Riverline (Hobart).

The Yanchep line (known as the Joondalup line prior to 14 July 2024) is a suburban railway line and service in Perth, Western Australia, linking the city's central business district (CBD) with its northern suburbs. Operated by the Public Transport Authority as part of the Transperth system, the Yanchep line is 54.5 kilometres (33.9 mi) long and has sixteen stations. It commences in a tunnel under the Perth CBD as a through service with the Mandurah line. North from there, the line enters the median strip of the Mitchell Freeway, where nine of the line's stations are. The Yanchep line diverges from the freeway to serve the centre of Joondalup and permanently leaves the freeway north of Butler for the northernmost four stations to Yanchep.

Yanchep line
A B-series train in the Mitchell Freeway median strip north of Stirling station in October 2006
Overview
Other name(s)	Northern Suburbs Railway Joondalup line (former name)
Owner	Public Transport Authority (2003–present)
Locale	Perth, Western Australia
Termini	Yanchep (north) Elizabeth Quay (south)
Continues as	Mandurah line
Stations	16
Service
Type	Suburban rail
System	Transperth
Operator(s)	Public Transport Authority (2003–present) Westrail/WAGR (1992–2003)
Depot(s)	Nowergup Mandurah (Mandurah line)
Rolling stock	Transperth B-series trains Transperth C-series trains
Ridership	16,135,201 (year to June 2024)
History
Commenced	November 1989 (November 1989)
Opened	20 December 1992 (20 December 1992) (partial) 21 March 1993 (21 March 1993) (full opening)
Last extension	14 July 2024 (14 July 2024)
Technical
Line length	54.5 km (33.9 mi)
Number of tracks	2
Character	At-grade and underground
Track gauge	1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge
Electrification	25 kV 50 Hz AC from overhead catenary
Operating speed	130 km/h (81 mph)
Signalling	Fixed block signalling
Train protection system	Automatic train protection
Route map Legend 54.5 Yanchep 46.7 Eglinton 43.0 Alkimos 40.7 Butler Nowergup depot 33.2 Clarkson 29.2 Currambine 26.2 Joondalup 22.9 Edgewater 19.8 Whitfords 17.7 Greenwood 14.5 Warwick 8.8 Stirling 5.6 Glendalough 2.4 Leederville Perth 0.0 Perth Underground 0.6 Elizabeth Quay Mandurah line v t e

Planning for a rapid transit service to the northern suburbs began in 1987. After several transport modes were considered, including bus rapid transit, an electric railway was chosen. Known during planning and construction as the Northern Suburbs Railway, the project was approved by state cabinet in late 1989 and construction began in November 1989. The line was built under several different contracts, with the total cost of the original project being A$277 million. It used widely-spaced stations with bus interchanges and large park-and-rides, distinguishing the line from Perth's three existing rail lines. The line opened on 20 December 1992 as the Joondalup line to limited service and with three stations: Leederville, Edgewater and Joondalup. Four more stations opened in February 1993, and on 21 March 1993, peak service and feeder bus routes commenced. The final station, Currambine, opened on 8 August 1993.

An extension north to Clarkson station and rebuild of Currambine station opened on 4 October 2004, which coincided with the introduction of B-series trains. On 29 January 2005, Greenwood opened as an infill station. The Joondalup line originally through-ran with the Armadale line via Perth station, but in 2005, the line started terminating at Perth station, and on 15 October 2007 the line was rerouted through a new tunnel under the CBD, with two new stations: Perth Underground and Elizabeth Quay. The Mandurah line opened on 23 December 2007 to connect with the southern end of that tunnel. An extension north to Butler station opened on 21 September 2014 and a three station extension north to Yanchep station was opened on 14 July 2024, upon which the line became the Yanchep line.

B-series and C-series trains are the main rolling stock used on the Yanchep line. End-to-end services run at a fifteen minute headway, reducing to a ten minute headway in peak. Additional peak services run between Perth and Whitfords or Clarkson stations, making for a five minute headway on inner sections of the line. The travel time from Yanchep to Perth Underground is 49 minutes. The Yanchep line received 16,135,201 boardings in the 2023–24 financial year, making it the second busiest line in the Transperth system, after the Mandurah line.

History

Further information: Northern Suburbs Transit System

Planning

The 1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle, also known as the Stephenson–Hepburn Report, proposed a 12-mile (19 km) railway line branching off the Eastern Railway (Fremantle line) at Daglish, then heading west to Reabold Hill and then north to Whitfords Beach via City Beach, Scarborough, and North Beach. The branch was planned to have about eight or nine stations and projected to have about 20,000 daily passenger journeys. The report also proposed a highway to Yanchep, now known as the Mitchell Freeway.^[1][2] When the Metropolitan Region Scheme was adopted in 1963 though, the land for the proposed highway was reserved but the not the land for the proposed railway.^[3][4]

The Northern Suburbs Rapid Transit Study was commissioned in 1987 by Transperth and the Department of Transport at the request of the Government of Western Australia. The study, published in September 1988 and written by a team of consultants, considered possible modes of transport and the route to take.^[5] Routes considered were along West Coast Highway, Marmion Avenue, the western side of the Mitchell Freeway, the median strip of the Mitchell Freeway, the eastern side of the Mitchell Freeway, Wanneroo Road, and Alexander Drive. The median strip of the Mitchell Freeway was determined to have the lowest cost and least environmental impact out of each of the routes.^[6] Transport modes considered by the study were buses on a separate roadway, buses on a guided busway (like the O-Bahn Busway in Adelaide), light rail, heavy rail, automated rubber-tyred trains, high-capacity monorail, and an automated people mover system. A monorail or automated people mover were ruled out due to the cost and unproven nature of those technologies. Light rail was also ruled out due to having a lower operating speed than other modes and the desire to not introduce another mode to Perth's transport system.^[6] A bus expressway, guided busway and electric railway along the Mitchell Freeway were all shortlisted for further consideration.^[6][7]

Public consultation found that 41.0 percent of people preferred an electric railway, 34.4 percent preferred a bus expressway, 19.3 percent preferred a guided busway, 3.2 percent did not want any rapid transit, and 2.2 percent preferred some other option. The people who preferred rail chose it because of its greater comfort, lower pollution and less crowding. The people who preferred the bus options chose them because there would be no transfer for trips into the Perth central business district (CBD) and the bus options would cost less than a railway.^[8] The study suggested that the bus options could be built in multiple stages and the rail option could first be built between Perth and Warwick and later be extended to Joondalup.^[9] The two bus options were projected to increase northern suburbs public transport patronage by fourteen percent and the rail option was projected to increase patronage by nine to twelve percent, less than the bus options due to the time taken to transfer from bus to train.^[10] The net cost of the railway was estimated to be A$145 million, compared to $87 million for the guided busway and $79 million for the bus expressway.^[11] The study concluded that either of the bus options were preferred over the electrified railway, and that further studies should determine whether to build a bus expressway or a guided busway.^[12]

In response to the Northern Suburbs Rapid Transit Study, the state minister for transport, Bob Pearce, set up an expert panel consisting of Murdoch University Associate Professor Peter Newman, Tyne and Wear Transport Director General David F. Howard, and University of Pennsylvania Professor Vukan Vuchic.^[13] The expert panel concluded that an electrified railway would be the best option instead of a bus rapid transit system.^[14] They costed an electric railway at $124 million and gave a lower operating cost for the railway compared to the bus options, making up the difference in cost within 12 to 15 years.^[15] The expert panel criticised the Northern Suburbs Rapid Transit Study for concentrating on commuters travelling to the CBD and said that the bus system the study recommended would not serve people doing short or local trips well.^[16] The panel said that other cities show that a rail trunk line with feeder buses would attract more passengers.^[17] State cabinet officially chose the railway option in December 1988.^[18][19] The Liberal Party supported plans for a bus lane within the Mitchell Freeway, which prompted Pearce to claim that the Liberals did not want the railway.^[20][21]

State cabinet officially approved the Northern Suburbs Transit System Master Plan in the second half of 1989. The planned opening dates were the end of 1992 for Perth to Joondalup and the end of 1993 for Joondalup to Currambine.^[22] The master plan was released in November 1989. It laid out the route of the Northern Suburbs Railway and works proposed to occur. The railway was to be 29 kilometres (18 mi) long and have seven new stations: Glendalough, Warwick, Whitfords, Edgewater, Joondalup, and Burns (later renamed Currambine). It also gave the option of building stations at Oxford Street in Leederville, Wishhart Street between Stirling and Warwick, or Hepburn Avenue between Warwick and Whitfords.^[23] Perth station, the centre of the rail network and southern terminus of the Northern Suburbs Railway, was planned to be expanded.^[24] The railway's planned route was mostly along the median strip of the Mitchell Freeway, deviating in the Perth CBD to reach Perth station and in Joondalup to serve the future city centre of Joondalup. A section between Joondalup and Burns was to be west of the future freeway, which at the time only reached as far north as Ocean Reef Road. The section through Joondalup was to be in a trench below surface level to allow for roads to bridge across.^[25] The railway was to be fully grade separated with no level crossings, unlike Perth's existing rail network.^[26]

The Northern Suburbs Railway's route was placed in the Mitchell Freeway's median strip to reduce costs as the freeway was already grade separated from other roads and had its own right of way. The disadvantage of freeway-running railways is that access to the stations is more difficult, with walking distance in earlier plans from a bus interchange to the platform being between 70 metres (230 ft) and 180 metres (590 ft), and even longer for park and ride passengers. Earlier plans also had limited shelter and facilities at each station.^[27] This was deemed bad for patronage, so the master plan instead located bus interchanges closer to the station platform. In the cases of Stirling, Warwick and Whitfords stations, the bus interchanges are on a bridge directly above the train platforms.^[28] The feeder buses were planned to run between pairs of adjoining stations at a 10 to 15 minute headway in peak, covering the area between Wanneroo Road and the coastline. According to forecasts, two thirds of Northern Suburbs Railway passengers would use the feeder buses and 120 buses would be required. The opening of the railway would allow for express buses along the Mitchell Freeway to be phased out.^[24]

Much of the Mitchell Freeway was designed with provisions for a public transport corridor in its median strip. However, a 5-kilometre (3 mi) section between Loftus Street in Leederville and Hutton Street in Osborne Park was not. This section was built as just a single carriageway with a dividing barrier. On that section, a second carriageway, which now carries the freeway's northbound lanes, was planned to be constructed. Additional bridges would be built across Vincent Street, Powis Street, and Scarborough Beach Road for the new carriageway and the railway. Twelve other road bridges and nine pedestrian bridges needed minor modifications so that there was enough clearance for the overhead wires, and four bridges over the railway in Joondalup needed to be constructed.^[29][30] The master plan said that alterations to Perth station were required. This included a new platform at the station's northern side, a new concourse west of the Horseshoe Bridge, and an extra span on the Barrack Street bridge.^[31] New stowage tracks at Claisebrook depot would be required, and trains would also be stored at Whitfords station temporarily and at Currambine station.^[26]

The total cost of the Northern Suburbs Railway was estimated to be $222.8 million (equivalent to $530 million in 2022), of which $133.17 million was for the railway's construction and $89.63 million was for the acquisition of 22 two-car electric multiple unit trains. An additional $27 million for the works to widen the Mitchell Freeway between Leederville and Osborne Park was funded separately^[32] and managed by the Main Roads Department.^[30] The rest of the construction works were managed by Westrail. The $222.2 million was higher than the $150 million estimated in 1988 due to an underestimation in the cost of some parts of the project, increased facilities at stations, more bridges, the extension to Currambine which was not accounted for, additional railcars due to higher forecasted demand, and inflation.^[33] The railway was planned to opened between Perth and Joondalup by the end of 1992 and from Joondalup to Currambine by the end of 1993.^[34]

Construction

In November 1989, the Fremantle line was realigned north between Perth station and the Mitchell Freeway to make way for the Roe Street tunnel. Premier of Western Australia Peter Dowding hammered in the first spike on 14 November 1989, marking the start of construction.^[22][35] That year, the Parliament of Western Australia passed an enabling act authorising the construction of the railway, and on 15 January 1990, the act received royal assent.^[36][37]

The Yanchep line north of the Roe Street tunnel, October 2024

By the end of 1990, earthworks at Joondalup and the Mitchell Freeway roadworks between Loftus Street and Hutton Street were underway. The project's first contract was awarded in December 1990 to Remm Constructions.^[38] It was a $4.3 million contract for the construction of the walls of the tunnel under Roe Street.^[38][39][40] The tunnel is 130 metres (430 ft) long, with 250-metre-long (820 ft) ramps at each end. The tunnel and ramp's route partially followed a bus on ramp from Roe Street to the freeway, allowing the reuse of a bridge carrying the Mitchell Freeway's westbound carriageway above the bus lane. A temporary bus on ramp was used until the railway was opened.^[40] The tunnel walls were constructed using secant piles. The close proximity of the tunnel to the Mitchell Freeway's bridge footings complicated the construction process and necessitated preventing any ground movement.^[38][41] The tunnel's second contract, for the excavation and construction of the floor and roof, was awarded to Leighton Contractors. Construction on that phase was planned to take place in the second half of 1991.^[40] The tunnel's total cost was about $8–9 million.^[38][40]

Lake Monger in October 2021

Leeder Street footbridge, which connects to Glendalough station

The second Mitchell Freeway carriageway between Loftus Street and Hutton Street passed in close proximity to the environmentally sensitive Lake Monger.^[30] After criticism over the encroachment on the lake,^[42][43] Premier Carmen Lawrence announced in July 1990 that a review of the plans would be undertaken by Peter Newman in cooperation with Main Roads engineers.^[44] In response to Newman's report, the new carriageway was scaled back from five lanes to four.^[45][46][47] About 650,000 tonnes (640,000 long tons; 720,000 short tons) of sand from the Joondalup area was used to compact the marshy soil next to the lake.^[30] Most of the Mitchell Freeway roadworks were done in-house by Main Roads Department staff,^[30] but the road and rail bridges across Vincent Street, Powis Street, and Scarborough Beach Road were built by Leighton Contractors for $8.8 million. Work started on those bridges in April 1991. The bridges were incrementally launched to avoid disruption to road traffic.^[48] Three cable-stayed footbridges across the freeway were also constructed by Leighton Contractors under a separate $5.3 million contract. The Britannia Road footbridge was new, while the Oxford Street and Leeder Street bridges were replacing old footbridges that were not long enough for the widened freeway. The latter two footbridges provide access to Leederville and Glendalough stations respectively.^[49][50] The new northbound Mitchell Freeway carriageway opened on 21 June 1992, after eighteen months of construction, allowing railway work along that section to begin.^[51]

The Fitzgerald Street level crossing, used by buses to access the Wellington Street bus station, was relocated 250 metres (820 ft) west to avoid intersecting with the Northern Suburbs Railway.^[52][53] The master plan said the level crossing should be replaced by a bridge,^[54] but parliament passed legislation in November 1991 to prevent the bridge from being built without the government consulting the Perth City Council, residents and businesses.^[55][56] The legislation was introduced to parliament by the independent member for Perth, Ian Alexander, who wanted the railway tunnelled and a ground-level bus road built instead, calling the bridge a "cheap and nasty solution". Transport Minister Pam Beggs said that tunnelling the railway would cost an additional $11 million and that she would rather spend money on the outer suburbs.^[57] Beggs submitted a report to the Legislative Assembly detailing consultation with the stakeholders, but a resolution to build the bridge failed to pass, leading to the bridge's cancellation.^[58] The new level crossing opened in March 1993.^[59] A nearby bridge next to the Mitchell Freeway ended opening in 2010 as part of the construction of Perth Arena.^[60][61]

External images
A train carrying ballast via Rail Heritage WA
A train carrying rails during tracklaying via Rail Heritage WA
An ADK diesel multiple unit during testing via Rail Heritage WA

The overhead line equipment was built by Barclay Mowlem as an extension to their contract for the electrification of the existing rail network.^[62] Installation of the masts for the overhead line equipment was underway by April 1992. The masts were manufactured by Delta Corporation.^[63][64] Unusually, the masts were installed before the tracks were laid, as track laying was delayed by the Mitchell Freeway works.^[65] Track laying by Westrail started in July 1992, starting at the southern end and heading north.^[66][67] This was paused by a week-long strike by Westrail locomotive drivers in October 1992.^[68][69] In November 1992, a $1.2 million contract was awarded to TG Industries to supply a galvanised steel barrier between the railway and the Mitchell Freeway.^[70] The master plan only called for crash barriers at stations, where the tracks are below freeway level, and a few other circumstances.^[71] A $2.8 million contract for the construction of Currambine station was awarded to Doubikin Constructions in November 1992 as well.^[70] The Edgewater substation was turned on for the first time on 31 October 1992, and the overhead line equipment was energised on 1 November 1992.^[72][73][74] On 20 November 1992, the first A-series train ran on the railway,^[75] and on 14 December 1992, driver training commenced, a week later than planned due to strikes by Westrail locomotive drivers in November 1992.^[76]

Opening

Plaque commemorating the opening of the Joondalup line on 20 December 1992 at Perth station

The first stage of the Joondalup line was officially opened on 20 December 1992 by Premier Carmen Lawrence and Transport Minister Pam Beggs. This involved the opening of Leederville, Edgewater and Joondalup stations. The West Australian newspaper reported that hundreds of people attended the opening of Leederville and Edgewater stations, and thousands of people attended the opening of Joondalup station, but that the state opposition criticised the opening ceremonies by saying that they were an "expensive political extravaganza". From 21 December, train services ran under a limited service "discoveride" brand, meaning that train services had a limited frequency of every half-an-hour and only operated between 9:30 am and 2:30 pm.^{[77][78][79][80]}

The remaining four stations opened throughout February 1993: Whitfords on 14 February,^[81] Glendalough and Stirling on 21 February,^[82] and Warwick on 28 February.^[83] Full service on the line between Perth and Joondalup was originally scheduled to commence on 7 March 1993,^[84] but was delayed by two weeks as driver training took longer than expected.^[85] Full service commenced on 21 March 1993. This included trains in peak hour for the first time and feeder buses servicing the Joondalup line's bus interchanges.^[86][87][88] Bus routes along the Mitchell Freeway were withdrawn, which included some of Perth's busiest bus routes, such as the 396 to Warwick.^[89][90] The bus changes encountered resistance, particularly for their impact on schoolchildren,^[91][92] which led to the retention of two of the school bus services that were planned to be cancelled.^[88] Services to and from Joondalup through ran with the Armadale line, while services to and from Whitfords terminated at Perth.^[93] Recently-appointed Coalition Transport Minister Eric Charlton held a small opening ceremony at Joondalup station, in contrast to the large opening ceremony conducted by the Labor government in December 1992.^[86][88] He also highlighted the increased operating costs that the new line would have and the debt resulting from the line's construction, which was used as a justification for a fare increase.^[88][94][95] The final part of the Northern Suburbs Railway, the 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Joondalup to Currambine station, opened on 8 August 1993. The final cost was $277 million.^[96][97]

Expansion under New MetroRail

In 1995, the government began planning an extension north of Currambine.^[98] During the 1996 state election campaign, Liberal Premier Richard Court committed to constructing an extension from Currambine to Clarkson by 2000 for $28 million, plus $12 million for additional rolling stock.^[99][100] In December 1997, the state government also committed to building Greenwood station at Hepburn Avenue,^[101] which was one of the sites given for an optional station by the 1989 master plan.^[23] Parliament passed an enabling act for the extension to Clarkson and the construction of the Mandurah line in November 1999.^[102]

In June 2000, it was announced that the completion of the Clarkson extension had been delayed until 2003.^[100] Later that month, the Currambine to Butler Extension Master Plan was released. It detailed the plans for the extension north to Clarkson, the construction of Greenwood station, and a later extension to Butler.^[103][104] The extension to Clarkson was planned to be within the freeway's median, for consistency with the rest of the Joondalup line and the planned Mandurah line,^[105] and for "environmental and social benefits".^[106] This meant that Currambine station would have to be rebuilt, as the original station was on the western side of the future Mitchell Freeway rather than the median.^[103][105] Other works proposed in the master plan were for the construction of a railcar depot in Nowergup north of Clarkson station to allow for more trains and replace the stowage facility at Currambine, and extensions to all the platforms along the line to allow for six-car trains.^[107] The estimated cost of the whole project was $58 million for the infrastructure, and $23 million for the additional rolling stock, for a total of $81 million.^[104][108] By October, the cost had risen to $99 million.^[109]

Clarkson station, which opened on 4 October 2004

The first contract for the Clarkson extension was awarded in March 2001, when Brierty Contractors signed a $14 million earthworks contract.^[110] Work began in May 2001^[111][112] and was completed in November 2002.^[113] In July 2001, the contract for the construction of the rail bridge over Burns Beach Road was awarded to Transfield Pty Ltd for $1.7 million.^[110][114] The bridge was completed in May 2003.^[115] In April 2002, Barclay Mowlem and Alstom were awarded a contract worth $17 million for the rail infrastructure for the extension.^[110] This contract included the design and construction of the track, traction power, signalling and communications systems, as well as track relocation at Greenwood station.^[116] The $3.2 million contract for the construction of Currambine station was awarded to John Holland Group in March 2002,^[110] and in November 2002, an $8.7 million contract was awarded to Transfield for the construction of Clarkson station.^[117] In February 2004, a $6.8 million contract to build Greenwood station was awarded to John Holland Group.^[118][119] Construction of Greenwood station began in March 2004.^[120][121]

The contract for the platform extensions was awarded to Lakis Constructions in 2003 for $4.8 million.^[122] By April 2004, the extensions at Leederville and Edgewater stations were complete.^[123] The extensions at Warwick and Whitfords stations were complete by July 2004, and the extensions at Glendalough, Stirling and Joondalup stations were complete soon after that, ready for the extension to Clarkson to open.^[124]

Greenwood station, which opened on 29 January 2005

Nowergup depot, which cost $36 million, officially opened in June 2004.^[125] The extension to Clarkson and new Currambine station opened on 4 October 2004, the same day on which the first five Transperth B-series trains entered service on the Joondalup line.^{[126][127][128]} The railway line south of Currambine station was largely left as is, and was not relocated until the Mitchell Freeway was extended to Burns Beach Road in 2007 and 2008 by Macmahon Contractors. This extension also involved the construction of a tunnel to carry the railway line under the freeway.^{[129][130][131]} On 29 January 2005, Greenwood station was opened by Premier Geoff Gallop and Minister for Planning and Infrastructure Alannah MacTiernan.^[132]

Mandurah line

In March 1999, the South West Metropolitan Railway Master Plan for the construction of the Mandurah line was approved by the state government. It was to branch off the Armadale line at Kenwick to head to Mandurah, south of Perth.^[133] It was decided that the Joondalup line would through-run with the Mandurah line upon its opening, instead of the Armadale line. This was because they were forecast to be the busiest lines, with six-car trains required to meet demand on both lines.^[134] Following the election of a Labor government, in July 2001, the state government announced that the proposed Mandurah line would be rerouted via the Kwinana Freeway, with a tunnel under the Perth CBD to connect the Mandurah line to the Joondalup line.^[135][136] A new master plan was released in August 2002.^[137][138] The master plan divided the Mandurah line's construction into several packages, with Package F being for the City Project, which involved the construction of the tunnel under the Perth CBD and connection with the Joondalup line.^[139][140] This project included the construction of 690 metres (2,260 ft) of twin bored tunnels under the Perth CBD, a tunnel portal west of Perth station, and two underground stations: William Street (now known as Perth Underground), which connects to the original Perth station, and Esplanade (now known as Elizabeth Quay).^[141][140]

The Joondalup line (left) on 6 October 2007, one day before the line was shut down to connect to the William Street tunnel tracks (middle). The Fremantle line is on the right.

The contract for the City Project was awarded to Leighton–Kumagai Gumi in February 2004 for $324.5 million.^[142] With the opening of the Thornlie line, through services to the Armadale line ceased on 8 August 2005 and Joondalup line trains began terminating at Perth station, in preparation for through running with the Mandurah line.^[143][144] The City Project reached practical completion in September 2007.^[145] From 7 October to 14 October 2007, the Joondalup line was shut down between Leederville and Perth stations and the Fremantle line was fully shut down to connect the tunnel tracks to the Joondalup line.^[146][147] The Joondalup line reopened on 15 October 2007 with its new southern terminus at Esplanade station.^{[a][150][151]} The Mandurah line opened on 23 December 2007.^[146][152]

Extension to Butler

The first contract for the Butler extension, for earthworks north of Nowergup depot to Landbeach Boulevard, a distance of 4 kilometres (2 mi), was awarded to RJ Vincent & Co for $6 million in December 2010.^[153][154] A second contract was awarded in May 2011, to Bocol Constructions and RJ Vincent & Co for $9.8 million. This was for the construction of three bridges to cross over the Butler extension and associated works.^[155][156] By June 2012, Cooper and Oxley had been awarded the contract for Butler station's construction, worth $22 million.^[157][158] Construction on the station began on 16 July 2012.^[159] By October 2012, earthworks and bridge construction was complete, allowing track laying to commence. The $24 million track laying contract had been awarded to John Holland Group.^[160] In November 2012, the contract for signalling was awarded to Ansaldo STS Australia for $19.7 million.^[161][162] By October 2013, track laying was eighty percent complete,^[163] and by April 2014, Butler station was complete.^[164]

Butler station, which opened on 21 September 2014

The first train ran on the Butler extension on 25 August 2014,^[159] with train driver familiarisation beginning after that.^[165] The extension was opened on 21 September 2014 by Premier Colin Barnett and Minister for Transport Dean Nalder, three months early and $20 million under budget.^{[166][167][168]} Following the opening of the extension to Butler, some nearby residents experienced excessive vibrations when trains passed by, with a petition complaining about the problem gaining 178 signatures. Acoustic matting was used for parts of extension, but not the area closest to Butler station, which was where the complaints were coming from.^{[169][170][171]} The results of noise monitoring were released in December 2014. The results concluded that noise and vibration levels near Butler station were within acceptable limits, but another section of the extension was above acceptable limits, so a larger noise wall was built there.^[172]

Extension to Yanchep

Labor promised ahead of the 2017 state election that it would build the Yanchep Rail Extension as part of its revised Metronet plans. It was promised that the extension would open in 2021 and cost $386 million.^[173] The September 2017 state budget gave the Yanchep Rail Extension a cost of $520.2 million.^{[174][175][176]} The business case for the Yanchep Rail Extension was submitted to Infrastructure Australia in August 2017.^[177] In November 2018, Infrastructure Australia released its assessment of the project, adding the project to the Infrastructure Priority List as a "High Priority Project" and giving it a projected economic benefit of $2.549 billion and a benefit–cost ratio of 2.6. Infrastructure Australia recommended that the contract for the Thornlie–Cockburn Link be combined with the contract for the Yanchep Rail Extension to save costs during procurement.^{[178][179][180]} The Infrastructure Australia assessment allowed $700 million in federal funding to be spent on the Yanchep Rail Extension and the Thornlie–Cockburn Link, of which $350 million was for the Yanchep Rail Extension.^[181][182]

Enabling legislation was introduced to the Parliament of Western Australia in May 2018^[183][184] and passed in November 2018.^[185] The project definition plan, detailing the scope of the project, for the Yanchep Rail Extension was approved by state cabinet in July 2018.^[186] A request for proposal was released in September 2018 for the design and construct contract for the Yanchep Rail Extension and the Thornlie–Cockburn Link.^[187][188] Two consortia were shortlisted in April 2019: METROconnex, a joint venture between Coleman Rail, Clough Group, and Georgiou Group; and NEWest Alliance, a joint venture between CPB Contractors and Downer.^{[189][190][191]} In November 2019, NEWest Alliance was announced as the preferred proponent,^{[192][193][194]} and the contract was awarded in the following month.^{[195][196][197]} The cost of the Yanchep Rail Extension at the time was $531.7 million.^[198]

Alkimos station under construction in February 2023

Howden Road bridge under construction in August 2023

Early works began in November 2019 and a sod turning ceremony took place on 24 November, making the Yanchep Rail Extension the second Metronet project to begin construction, after the Forrestfield–Airport Link.^[198] Major works on the Yanchep Rail Extension began in mid-2020.^[199] Construction at Alkimos station had begun by March 2021, with the first major concrete pour taking place that month.^[200]

In June 2021, PerthNow reported that work on the Yanchep Rail Extension had stalled, but the PTA was still saying the extension would open in late 2022.^[201] The government first raised the potential for a delay in July 2021,^[202] and after the September 2021 state budget, it was revealed that the Yanchep Rail Extension's opening date would be delayed by a year to late 2023 due to a skills shortage and to ease pressure on Western Australia's construction industry.^{[203][204][205]} To cut costs, the construction of a shared path along the extension was cancelled, with the decision being justified by there also being a shared path along Marmion Avenue and a proposed one to be constructed as part of the extension of the Mitchell Freeway. The decision to cancel the shared path was criticised by cycling groups and the City of Wanneroo.^{[206][207][208]} By the end of 2021, work on all three stations was underway. At Eglinton and Yanchep stations, the foundations were being poured, and at Alkimos station, retaining walls had been put up.^[209][210]

The March 2022 federal budget revealed the federal government would provide $90 million of additional funding for the project, bringing its share of the project to $440 million.^[211][212] The May 2022 state budget revealed a $175.3 million cost increase,^[213] the May 2023 state budget revealed a $375.3 million cost increase,^{[214][215][216]} and the May 2024 state budget revealed a $288 million cost increase,^[217][218] bringing the extension's total cost to $1.27 billion.^[219] The Liberal Party has readily criticised the cost increases, saying the money should instead be spent on healthcare among other things, but Transport Minister Rita Saffioti blamed the cost increases on increases in the cost of steel, diesel, and concrete, and the COVID-19 pandemic.^{[220][221][222]}

After the May 2023 budget, the government said that the Yanchep extension "is due for completion at the end of 2023, with services commencing in the new year"^[223] That month, the first 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) of track had been laid.^[224][225] The first train ran on the Yanchep Rail Extension on 22 December 2023.^[226][227] The opening date was revealed in April 2024.^[228][229] The extension was officially opened by Premier Roger Cook and Transport Minister Saffioti on 14 July 2024,^{[220][221][222]} with celebrations occurring at Yanchep station.^[230] Regular train and bus services commenced the following day. Upon the extension's opening, the Joondalup line was renamed the Yanchep line.^[228][231]

Future

There are provisions for a special events station to serve Arena Joondalup.^[232][233]

The proposed East Wanneroo line is planned to link the Morley–Ellenbrook line to the Yanchep line near Clarkson station.^[234]

Description

The Yanchep line viewed from the Glendalough station footbridge

The Yanchep line was built with 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge track.^[26] Trains are powered by 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line equipment^[235] powered by three substations at Sutherland Street in West Perth, Edgewater, and Nowergup.^{[236]: 121–122} The maximum speed is 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) south of Currambine^[26] and 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) north of Currambine.^[236] The line has used automatic train protection since it opened and is signalled to allow for headways as low as three minutes using fixed block signalling.^[26] As part of the High Capacity Signalling Project, the signalling system will be replaced by a moving block system using communications-based train control (CBTC), allowing for higher frequencies.^[237][238] As of 2021, the CBTC system is planned to be implemented on the Joondalup and Mandurah lines by June 2029.^[239]

Route

Transperth system map, with the Yanchep line in green

The Yanchep line runs from Perth Underground station in the south to Yanchep station in the north, a distance of 54.5 kilometres (33.9 mi). South of Perth Underground station, the line continues as the Mandurah line,^[236] although trains in the 0.6-kilometre (0.4 mi) tunnel south of Perth Underground station to Elizabeth Quay station are considered to be part of the Yanchep line and Mandurah line simultaneously.^[240]

The Yanchep line south of Warwick station, February 2012

North of Perth Underground station, the tunnel curves westward,^[241] passing under the Fremantle line tunnel by 1.2 metres (4 ft),^[242] before surfacing parallel to the Fremantle line, 0.6 kilometres (0.4 mi) from Perth Underground station.^[236] After 0.3 kilometres (0.2 mi), the Yanchep line dives down to enter a short tunnel and bend north to pass under Roe Street and enter the freeway's median strip, where the line bends west again. The Yanchep line continues along the Mitchell Freeway for 23 kilometres (14 mi) until it reaches Joondalup. There are seven stations along this section: Leederville, Glendalough, Stirling, Warwick, Greenwood, Whitfords, and Edgewater. South of Leederville and north of Whitfords stations are turnback sidings for trains to change direction.^[236]

The Yanchep line passing under Lakeside Joondalup Shopping Centre, September 2020

At Joondalup, the Yanchep line enters a short tunnel to pass under the southbound Mitchell Freeway carriageway for a 3.3-kilometre (2.1 mi) deviation from the freeway through Joondalup.^[236] For this section, the line is in a cutting below ground level, passing under several local roads.^[25] North of Joondalup station, the Yanchep line passes under the Lakeside Joondalup Shopping Centre^[243][244] and bends west, passing under more roads. The line then bends north and enters a tunnel to pass under the southbound Mitchell Freeway carriageway to reach the freeway's median again.^[236]

North of Joondalup, the Yanchep line has two stations in the freeway median: Currambine and Clarkson. North of Clarkson station is the Nowergup depot, which is between the two main lines. After 11 kilometres (6.8 mi), the Yanchep line exits the Mitchell Freeway median for the last time by passing under the northbound carriageway, to enter the residential suburb of Butler. The remaining 16 kilometres (9.9 mi)^[236] of the Yanchep line is largely within a cutting below ground level, passing through developing residential areas and bushland.^[245] There are four stations: Butler, Alkimos, Eglinton, and Yanchep, where the line terminates. North of Yanchep station are tracks to stow trains.^[236]

Stations

Perth Underground station

Glendalough station

Whitfords station

Joondalup station

Alkimos station

The Yanchep line spans six fare zones.^[246] All stations on the Yanchep line are fully accessible except for Leederville, Stirling, and Edgewater stations, which have platform gaps that are too large. Leederville station also has a ramp that is too steep.^[247] All stations except Greenwood, Edgewater, and Currambine have bus interchanges.^[246] All platforms are approximately 150 metres (490 ft) long, allowing six-car trains to stop at all stations.

List of stations

Station	Distance from Perth[236]		Fare zone[240]	Location	Opened	Connections[240][246]
	km	mi
Elizabeth Quay	-0.6	-0.4	1/FTZ	Perth	15 October 2007[151]	Bus at Elizabeth Quay bus station Services continue on the Mandurah line
Perth Underground	0.0	0.0	1/FTZ	Perth	15 October 2007[151]	Bus at Perth Busport Australind, Airport, Armadale, Fremantle, Midland and Thornlie lines
Leederville	2.4	1.5	1	Leederville, West Leederville	20 December 1992[77]	Bus
Glendalough	5.6	3.5	1	Glendalough, Osborne Park, Mount Hawthorn	21 February 1993[82]	Bus
Stirling	8.8	5.5	2	Innaloo, Osborne Park, Stirling	21 February 1993[82]	Bus
Warwick	14.5	9.0	2	Carine, Duncraig, Hamersley, Warwick	28 February 1993[83]	Bus
Greenwood	17.7	11.0	2	Duncraig, Greenwood, Kingsley, Padbury	29 January 2005[132]
Whitfords	19.8	12.3	3	Craigie, Kingsley, Padbury, Woodvale	14 February 1993[81]	Bus
Edgewater	22.9	14.2	3	Edgewater, Heathridge	20 December 1992[77]
Joondalup	26.2	16.3	3	Joondalup	20 December 1992[77]	Bus
Currambine	29.2	18.1	4	Currambine, Joondalup	8 August 1993[97]
Clarkson	33.2	20.6	4	Clarkson	4 October 2004[128]	Bus
Butler	40.7	25.3	5	Butler	21 September 2014[166]	Bus
Alkimos	43.0	26.7	5	Alkimos	14 July 2024[220]	Bus
Eglinton	46.7	29.0	5	Eglinton	14 July 2024[220]	Bus
Yanchep	54.5	33.9	6	Yanchep	14 July 2024[220]	Bus

Service

Transperth train services are operated by the Public Transport Authority's Transperth Train Operations division.^[248] Yanchep line train headways reach as low as five minutes during peak, increasing to fifteen minutes outside peak and on weekends, and half-an-hour to an hour at night. During peak, some services terminate or commence at Whitfords or Clarkson stations. The travel time from Yanchep station to Perth Underground station is 49 minutes. On weeknights, the last train arrives at Yanchep station at 1:06 am and the first train departs at 4:38 am. On Saturday and Sunday nights, the last train arrives at Yanchep station at 3:04 am and the first train departs at 5:05 am on Saturdays and 6:28 am on Sundays.^[246]

During events at Perth Stadium, additional services operate along the Yanchep line direct to Perth Stadium station, bypassing Perth station.^[249][250]

Before January 2016, express services operated on the Yanchep line during peak periods to manage overcrowding. The introduction of more B-series sets allowed for most trains during peak to be six cars long, which increased capacity and allowed for all services to stop at all stations from 31 January 2016 onwards.^[251][252] Before then, some peak trains from Perth to Butler or Clarkson skipped Leederville and Glendalough, and trains from Perth to Whitfords skipped Greenwood.^[253] Before June 2009, services terminating at Whitfords operated off-peak as well, making for 7½-minute headways between Perth and Whitfords during the day.^[254][255] These services were withdrawn to save money.^{[256][257][258]}

From 2031, peak frequencies on the Yanchep line are planned to reach 18 trains per hour, which will be made possible by C-series trains having three doors per car, which reduces dwell times compared to B-series trains, and the communications-based train control signalling upgrade.^[259]

Rolling stock

Transperth B-series train near Lake Monger

Transperth C-series train south of Joondalup station

The main rolling stock used on the Yanchep line is Transperth B-series and C-series trains, with A-series trains sometimes used. The A-series trains entered service between 1991 and 1999, have a maximum speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph), and consist of two cars which are usually joined to form four-car trains. Each car has two doors on each side.^[260] The B-series trains entered service between 2004 and 2019,^[261] have a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph), and consist of three cars which are usually joined to form six-car trains. Each car has two doors per side.^[262] The C-series trains have been entering service since 2024, have a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph), and consist of six cars with three doors on the side of each car.^[259]

In 1989, twenty-two A-series sets were ordered from ABB / Adtranz and Walkers Limited as an extension to their existing contract for the delivery of railcars for the electrification of the other lines.^[22] Five more A-series sets were delivered in 1998 and 1999 to increase capacity.^[263] These trains are stored and maintained at Claisebrook depot in East Perth; a small amount of trains were also stored at Currambine station before the Clarkson extension opened.^[264]

In May 2002, the government signed a contract with EDI Rail and Bombardier Transportation for the construction of Nowergup depot and the delivery and maintenance of thirty-one three car B-series trains to be used on the Joondalup and Mandurah lines.^[265] The first five B-series trains entered service when the Clarkson extension opened on 4 October 2004.^[127][128] In December 2006, the government ordered fifteen more B-series trains.^[266][267] The first of the additional railcars entered service in June 2009, allowing for some A-series trains to be transferred to other lines.^[256] In July 2011, a further fifteen B-series trains were ordered. This order eventually increased to twenty-two.^[268][269] The first of these trains entered service in December 2013. By the end of that order, all A-series trains had been transferred to other lines and almost every peak hour train on the Joondalup line was six-cars long.^[270]

In December 2019, the government signed a contract with Alstom for the delivery and maintenance of forty-one C-series trains^[271][272] to replace the A-series trains and provide the rolling stock required for network expansions such the Yanchep extension. The C-series trains have three doors on the side of each car, decreasing dwell times.^[259] The first C-series train entered service on the Joondalup and Mandurah lines on 8 April 2024.^{[273][274][275]} The C-series trains are planned to only be used on the Yanchep and Mandurah lines initially, with B-series trains transferred to other lines to replace the retiring A-series trains.^[259]

Patronage

In the 1993–94 financial year,^[b] the first full year since the Joondalup line opened, the line received 8,221,000 passengers, significantly more than predicted. Patronage on the whole system almost doubled from 13.6 million in the previous financial year to 22.9 million.^[276] The Clarkson extension's opening in 2004 resulted in a significant increase in patronage.^[277] Upon the Mandurah line's opening in 2007, the Joondalup line was relegated to being Perth's second-most-used line.^[278][279] Another significant increase in patronage followed the Mandurah line's opening, reaching a peak of 17,449,891 boardings in 2012–13.^[280] Following years of growth, the Joondalup line's patronage decreased in 2013–14, due to shutdowns relating to the Perth City Link and economic factors.^[281] The line recorded a small increase in patronage the following financial year with the opening of the extension to Butler,^[282] but patronage declined over the following three years due to economic conditions.^{[283][284][285]} In the 2018–19 financial year, patronage was increasing again,^[286] but the COVID-19 pandemic's onset in 2020 resulted in a massive decrease,^[287] reaching a low of 11,752,572 boardings in 2021–22.^[280] By the line's 30th anniversary on 20 December 2022, over 381 million trips had been made on the line.^[288] In the latest financial year, 2023–24, there were 16,135,201 boardings on the Yanchep line.^[280]

The busiest stations on the Yanchep line as of 2018, excluding Perth Underground and Elizabeth Quay, are Warwick, Joondalup, Stirling, and Whitfords. The least-busiest are Currambine, Edgewater, and Greenwood.^[289] Warwick and Joondalup were the fourth and fifth busiest stations in Perth in October 2017, with 5,125 and 4,791 boardings per day respectively.^[290]

Yanchep line annual patronage^[280]

Year	Patronage	±%
2010–11	15,611,836	—
2011–12	16,700,234	+6.97%
2012–13	17,449,891	+4.49%
2013–14	16,897,361	−3.17%
2014–15	17,105,797	+1.23%
2015–16	16,917,029	−1.10%
2016–17	16,658,559	−1.53%
2017–18	16,477,387	−1.09%
2018–19	16,531,788	+0.33%
2019–20	13,374,710	−19.10%
2020–21	11,885,779	−11.13%
2021–22	11,752,572	−1.12%
2022–23	14,045,991	+19.51%
2023–24	16,135,201	+14.87%

Notes

1. Esplanade station was renamed Elizabeth Quay station on 31 January 2016.^[148][149]
2. An Australian financial year is from 1 July to 30 June the following year.

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Sources

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Further reading

• Dowling, Neil (21 March 1993). "Joondalup Railway". The Sunday Times. pp. 48–53.
• Fastrak North (Video). Transperth. 1993 – via State Library of Western Australia.

Conferences

• Evans, E. P.; Santillo, P.; Wyche, P. J. (1991). Innovative bridge designs for architecturally constrained situations. Austroads Bridge Conference. pp. 223–236 – via Rail Knowledge Bank.
• Martinovich, M. Peter (21 July 1992). Northern Suburbs Transit System: Background and Technical Aspects Considered in the Planning and Design of the Rail Spine. Ninth International Rail Track Conference – via Rail Knowledge Bank.
• Martinovich, M. Peter (12–14 September 1994). The design, construction and experience of slab track in the Roe Street tunnel. Tenth International Rail Track Conference. pp. 325–333 – via Rail Knowledge Bank.
• McDougall, William R. T.; Piotrowski, Steven M. (1994). "The Perth Northern Suburbs Railway – Transport Reform in Action?" (PDF). Australasian Transport Research Forum. pp. 333–345.

Journal articles

• Alexander, Ian; Houghton, Stewart (1994). "New Investment in Urban Public Transport: 1: The Northern Suburbs railway in Perth". Australian Planner. 32 (1): 7–11. doi:10.1080/07293682.1994.9657648.
• Alexander, Ian; Houghton, Stewart (1995). "New Investment in Urban Public Transport II: Evaluation of the Northern Suburbs railway in Perth". Australian Planner. 32 (2): 82–87. doi:10.1080/07293682.1995.9657666.