Xenophora commonly called carrier shells , is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family Xenophoridae , the carrier snails or carrier shells.[2] Xenophora is the type genus of the family Xenophoridae.
Quick Facts Scientific classification, Species ...
Xenophora Temporal range:
Late Cretaceous–Recent
A ventral view of a shell of Xenophora pallidula
A lateral view of the same shell
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Littorinimorpha
Family:
Xenophoridae
Genus:
Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim , 1807[1]
Species
See text
Synonyms
Phorus Montfort, 1810 Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999 · accepted, alternate representation† Xenophora (Endoptygma) Gabb, 1877 · accepted, alternate representation
Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807· accepted, alternate representationXenophorus (incorrect subsequent spelling of Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)
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The name Xenophora comes from two ancient Greek words, and means "bearing foreigners", so-called because in most species the snail cements pieces of rock or shells to its own shell at regular intervals as the shell grows.[3]
The shells of species within this genus vary from small to large (diameter of base without attachments 19–90 mm; height of shell 21–60 mm), depressed-conical, with narrow to very narrow, simple peripheral edge, non-porcellanous ventrally. Foreign objects are attached to all whorls , with generally more than 30% of dorsal surface obscured by these objects. The foreign objects are usually medium-sized to large.[4]
The genus Xenophora includes the following species and subspecies:[4] [5] [6]
Xenophora minuta Qi & Ma, 1986 Xenophora robusta Verrill , 1870Subgenus Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999 Subgenus Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 Xenophora cerea (Reeve , 1845) Xenophora chinensis Philippi , 1841)[ citation needed ] Xenophora conchyliophora (Born , 1780) - American carriersnail (type species of Xenophora )Xenophora corrugata (Reeve , 1842) Xenophora crispa (König, 1825) Xenophora granulosa Ponder, 1983 Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda et al., 1971 Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953 Xenophora mekranensis (Newton, 1905) Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908 - New Zealand carriershell
Xenophora neozelandica neozelandica Suter, 1908 Xenophora neozelandica kermadecensis Ponder, 1983 Xenophora pallidula (Reeve , 1842) - pallid carrier shellXenophora peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
Xenophora peroniana peroniana (Iredale, 1929) Xenophora peroniana kondoi Ponder 1983 Xenophora senegalensis Fischer, 1873 Xenophora sinensis Qi & Li, 1986 Xenophora solarioides (Reeve , 1845) Xenophora tenuis Fulton, 1938 Species brought into synonymy Subgenus Xenophora (Stellaria ) Möller, 1832: synonym of Stellaria
Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera (Bronn, 1831): synonym of Stellaria testigera Xenophora australis Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1870: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) solarioides (Reeve, 1845)Xenophora calculifera (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Stellaria chinensis Xenophora caperata sensu Petit de la Saussaye, 1857: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873Xenophora caribaea Petit de la Saussaye, 1857 - Caribbean carriersnail: synonym of Onustus caribaeus Xenophora cavelieri Rochebrune, 1883: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873Xenophora digitata Martens, 1878: synonym of Stellaria testigera digitata Martens, 1878Xenophora gigantea (Schepman, 1909): synonym of Stellaria gigantea Xenophora helvacea Philippi, 1851: synonym of Onustus indicus Xenophora indica (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Onustus indicus Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) mekranensis konoi Habe, 1953Xenophora laevigata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)Xenophora lamberti Souverbie, 1871: synonym of Stellaria lamberti Xenophora longleyi Bartsch, 1931 - shingled carriersnail: synonym of Onustus longleyi Xenophora meandrina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)Xenophora mediterranea Tiberi, 1863: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) crispa (König, 1825)Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) neozelanica neozelanica Suter, 1908Xenophora regularis Habe & Okutani, 1983 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) granulosa Ponder, 1983Xenophora tenuis Hirase, 1934: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) tenuis Fulton, 1983Xenophora torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) cerea (Reeve, 1845)Xenophora tricostata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)Xenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) corrugata (Reeve, 1842)Xenophora vulcanica Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)Xenophora wagneri Philippi, 1855: synonym of Onustus indicus
A view of the fossil shell of Xenophora infundibulum Extinct species within this genus include:[7]
† Xenophora carditigera Nielsen and DeVries 2002† Xenophora cummulans Brongniart 1823† Xenophora delecta Guppy 1876† Xenophora deshayesi Michelotti 1847† Xenophora eocenica Abbass 1967† Xenophora floridana Mansfield 1930† Xenophora infundibulum (Brocchi, 1814)[8] † Xenophora palaeoafra Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983† Xenophora paulinae Nielsen and DeVries 2002† Xenophora rugata Abbass 1967† Xenophora tatei Harris 1897† Xenophora terpstrai Dey 1961† Xenophora textilina Dall 1892
Fossils of Xenophora are found in marine strata from the Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: from 89.3 to 0.012 million years ago.). Fossils are known all over the world.[7] [9]
Xenophora.org website Kreipl, K. & Alf, A. (1999): Recent Xenophoridae . 148 pp. incl. 28 color plts. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-26-0 . Kreipl K. & Alf A. (1999). Recent Xenophoridae . Conchbooks, Hackenheim > Germany. 148pp.
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Xenophora .
