Wren Building

The Wren Building (original build, 1695-1699^[4][5][1]) is the oldest building on the campus of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia,^{[not verified in body]} which is the "nation’s second oldest seat of higher learning" in the United States.^[1] Situated in Old College Yard^{[4]: p.375 [1]}—of William & Mary's "Ancient Campus", near the more contemporary Merchants Square east of campus—the frequently visited Wren Building anchors that Campus,^{[6][better source needed]} with its forecourt defined by two further old structures, Brafferton (built in 1723 as an Indian school) and the President's House (completed in 1733).^[1] It's architecture is considered Georgian,^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]} and as a building in use by The College, and with a cornerstone laid in 1695,^[5] it is the oldest of academic buildings still standing and in use in the United States,^{[7][8][9][better source needed]} and among the oldest buildings in Virginia.^{[not verified in body]} The Wren Building was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960,^[3] and has appeared in the Virginia Landmarks Register since September 9, 1969.^[1]

Wren Building, College of William and Mary
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Virginia Landmarks Register
The east front of the Wren Building
Show map of Virginia Show map of the United States
Location	Williamsburg, Virginia
Coordinates	37°16′15″N 76°42′33″W
Built	1695-1699
NRHP reference No.	66000929[1][2]
VLR No.	137-0013
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966
Designated NHL	October 9, 1960[3]
Designated VLR	September 9, 1969[1]

The cornerstone of the first building on this site was laid on August 8, 1695,^[5][1][4] and construction was completed four years later.^[1][4] While many details regarding the matter are unknown, an undated modern Wren House informational placard states that the "building was made by the labor of enslaved individuals... possibl[y] including... enslaved children..." and that the same labor was used "to run the College, most likely assisting with cleaning, cooking, gardening, tending livestock, etc."^{[10][better source needed]}

The college named the building in honor of the English architect Sir Christopher Wren,^{[citation needed]} after Hugh Jones—a Reverend and William and Mary mathematics professor^{[citation needed]}—wrote in his Present State of Virginia (1724) that it was “first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren, adapted to the nature of the country by the gentlemen there”;^[1] however, it is unknown how Jones came to this conclusion, since there are no actual documents tying Wren to the building's design, and he never even visited North America.^{[11][page needed]}

After several fires and rebuildings,^[1] the Wren Building was the first major building restored or reconstructed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., after he and the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin began Colonial Williamsburg's restoration in the late 1920s.^{[not verified in body]} The building's was restored in the 20th century by Boston architects Perry Shaw & Hepburn.^{[not verified in body]} Perry Shaw & Hepburn's restoration reflects the building's historic appearance from its reconstruction in 1716 after a 1705 fire to 1859, when it burned again.^{[not verified in body]}

The building is constructed as it currently stands out of red brick, in the style of Flemish and English Bond ^{[clarification needed]} (as was typical for official buildings in 17th- and 18th-century Williamsburg).^{[citation needed]} Its rebuilding, despite modifications, generally were "within the original walls", as "walls surviv[ing]... were incorporated in the rebuildings".^[1] It has contained classrooms, offices, a refectory known as the Great Hall, and a kitchen,^{[when?][citation needed]} and a chapel, which was added as a south wing in 1732.^{[citation needed]} The crypt beneath the chapel is the resting place of several notable Virginians, including royal governor the 4th Baron Botetourt, Speaker of the House of Burgesses Sir John Randolph, and his son Peyton Randolph, Founding Father and first President of the Continental Congress.^{[citation needed]}

On the top of the building is a weather vane with the number 1693, the year the College was founded.^{[not verified in body]} In the early 1770s, plans were drawn up to complete the building as a quadrangle; alumnus Thomas Jefferson (class of 1762) drew up a floorplan which was submitted to Governor Dunmore, and foundations were laid in 1774.^{[not verified in body]} The looming American Revolutionary War halted further construction, and the fourth wing was never completed.^{[not verified in body]} The foundations, however, still exist and were uncovered during excavations in 2014.^{[12][better source needed]}

The first and second floors of the building are still open for public viewing; the Spotswood Society—named after Virginia governor Alexander Spotswood—offers guided tours of the building when William and Mary classes are in-session.^[13] The Spotswood Society also offers a virtual tour.^{[14][full citation needed]}

Early History

The rear of the Wren Building

A reconstruction of an original classroom in the Wren Building

The Wren Building (constructed between 1695-1699^[4][5][1]) is the oldest standing building constructed for and in use by a U.S. college or university,^{[7][8][9][better source needed]} ahead of runner-up Harvard University's Massachusetts Hall (constructed in 1720).^[7] The Wren Building, previously known simply as "The College" or "The Main Building", was effectively the school's only academic building until the construction of the Brafferton building and President's House^{[citation needed]} (in 1723 and 1733, respectively^[1]). (The William and Mary campus only began its westward expansion in the first part of the twentieth century.^{[citation needed]})

Uses of the building

According to an undated modern Wren House informational placard, "[u]ntil at least 1724, students, administrators, faculty, and staff, including slaves and their families, lived in th[e] building [now called Wren]";^{[15][better source needed]} in addition, they studied and attended religious services in the building.^{[when?][citation needed]}

The College (with its sole Wren Building structure) was critical to Williamsburg becoming the new capital of Virginia,^{[when?][citation needed]} after William and Mary students made speeches on May 1, 1699 from The College (Wren Building), stating that they would help build the town to its full potential.^{[dubious – discuss][16][non-primary source needed]} After the destruction of Virginia's former capital of Jamestown, Virginia's legislature met in the building's Great Hall as a temporary meeting place (1700-1704), while the Capitol was under construction.^{[citation needed]} As early as Christmas 1702, students—termed "Scholars"—are noted, in affidavit, as occupying the building (a fact known from an episode in which they had barricaded the Grammar School doors, followed by an attempt by others to break in, with the firing of shots by the Scholars).^{[15][better source needed]} A Wren Building placard states that as of 1754, "8 body servants—enslaved African Americans about the same age as the students—were here to attend their young owners", with "bursar charges show[ing] minimal room and board costs".^{[clarification needed][15][better source needed]}

When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the building until the Capitol was reconstructed in 1754. The building also housed a grammar school and an Indian school, which was moved to the Brafferton building, in 1723. The building was used as a military hospital by the French during the American Revolutionary War and by the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

The Wren Building today has historical and ceremonial importance in addition to its academic use. Each year during the opening convocation ceremony, incoming William and Mary freshmen enter the building from the courtyard, pass through the central hall, and exit on the opposite side. As seniors, students pass through the building in the opposite direction on their way to the graduation ceremony. The Yule Log Ceremony, the College's holiday celebration, is held every year at the Wren Building, typically during the second weekend in December. Each fall incoming freshmen take the school's Honor Code Pledge in the building's Great Hall.^[17] The Bishop James Madison Society, the College's second-oldest secret society, is rumored to meet in the Wren Building.^[18]

Historic setting

Earliest known drawing of the building by Swiss traveler François-Louis Michel, 1702

After the completion of the President's House and the added chapel wing in 1732, the College's layout and overall architectural organization changed little until the construction of additional academic buildings in the early-twentieth century. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the campus consisted of the three buildings- the Wren Building, the Brafferton, and the President's House- proportionally arranged in the College yard. With the Wren Building (or "College" as it was called) placed in the middle and bounded by the Brafferton to the south and the President's House to the north, the view gave visitors a sense of balance and proportion, important tenets of the Enlightenment and visible in Jacobean, Anglo-Dutch, and Georgian architecture of the period. To complete the view, a formal geometric garden of hedge rows, topiaries, planting beds, and marl paths was laid out in the College yard facing Duke of Gloucester Street, and a botanical and scientific garden was laid in the back, which led to acres of woodlands and streams. Archaeological and historical evidence points to the formal garden in the front having been destroyed by the late-eighteenth century. Plans drawn up by French engineers of Williamsburg in 1782 show plain rectangular beds ornamenting the front, and later nineteenth-century engravings and photographs show rows of trees and even cows lounging in the College yard. Any remaining physical trace of the gardens were finally obliterated in 1862, when massive earthworks were built during the Siege of Williamsburg. However, the Brafferton Building was most likely facing the opposite way and was therefore excluded from this garden area.

The "Bodleian Plate", ca. 1747, was used during the restoration of the Wren Building (top row and middle of center row) in the early 20th century.

Recorded descriptions of the grounds appearance are few. One possible view was discovered in the late-1920s when researchers discovered a ca. 1747 printing plate in England's Bodleian Library depicting Williamsburg landmarks, including the College. Although this "Bodleian Plate" served as the blueprint for the Wren Building's restoration in the 1920s and 1930s, little was known about the plate's authenticity with regard to the gardens until College archaeologists and students began digging for evidence in 2005. Since these initial archaeological discoveries, the Bodleian Plate has proved remarkably faithful in its depiction of the College yard's early garden layout.^[19]

Although the two side structures are not entirely balanced (there is a slight size discrepancy between the Brafferton and President's House), the sight of the College would have been impressive for an 18th-century Virginian. Native- and foreign-born visitors alike marveled at the College's design.

Slavery

Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved viewed facing the Wren Building, 2022

Following the usage of enslaved labor in the construction of the Wren Building, enslaved persons were utilized in a variety of roles by the college, including as chefs, gardeners, and laborers.^[20] These enslaved men and women were most likely overseen by one specific man, or perhaps the housekeeper.^[21] The building of the Wren Building was also funded by enslaved labor, since the funds for William and Mary that were provided in the 1693 royal charter were funds from a tobacco plantation.

Enslaved individuals were also a means of revenue. When William & Mary lost its funding from the monarchy because of the American Revolution, the Virginia Gazette published a statute passed at a meeting of the Board of Visitors which emphasized how the Visitors intended to use the sale of slaves to compensate for this loss of funding: “A sufficient number of slaves shall be reserved for cleaning the College; and if any remain after such reservation, and hiring of the slaves belonging to the garden and kitchen, as aforesaid, they shall be hired out at publick auction.” In the early part of the nineteenth century, the College gave its few slaves a dollar each for Christmas, and it is known from the record that the dollars were mailed to each slave as the College also paid postage. William & Mary itself owned a plantation, the Nottoway Quarter, which ran on enslaved labor, starting in 1718 with seventeen enslaved people. The proceeds from the sale of tobacco helped to fund the College and scholarships. It was sold in 1802.^[22]

The Spotswood Society works with the Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation, which is a project created in 2009 in an attempt to "rectify wrongs perpetrated against African Americans by the College through action or inaction."^[23] A display discussing the college's ties with slavery was erected in the building's information center in 2019. A bronze tablet also was erected to honor those who fought in the Civil War, replacing the 1914 marble plaque that listed the names of only the students and faculty who fought in the Confederacy. The new marble plaque contains all the names of the Union and Confederate soldiers.^[24]

Fires

The building with Italianate towers

The building has been gutted by fire three times (1705, 1859, and 1862). The first fire was accidental and began in a basement in the North Wing of the building in 1705.^[25] Reconstruction after this fire, commanded by Governor Alexander Spotswood, was completed by 1716 with partial funds from Queen Anne. A second fire ravaged the building in 1859, and when it was rebuilt, the Wren Building had a newly fashionable Italianate design. In this fire, a man at the school accused the enslaved people of starting the fire, due to their use of candlelight. However, another man defended the enslaved individuals, stating that he had seen their candle go out prior to the fire.^[26] A third fire was set intentionally by Federal troops during the Civil War in 1862. Each reconstruction incorporated the surviving exterior walls, but the overall look of the building has varied considerably over time.^{[citation needed]}

Sir John Randolph, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, an Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia, and the youngest son of William Randolph and Mary Isham, was interred at the chapel of the Wren Building after his death in 1737.^[27] After the burial vaults were disturbed in the 1859 fire, a physician who examined the contents of Randolph's tomb discovered the bones of Randolph and an unknown second person.^[27]

Botetourt statue

Popular Virginia Governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, better known as Lord Botetourt, who died in office in 1770 and had been a member of the College's Board of Visitors, was buried in the crypt under the building's chapel. A statue of Lord Botetourt was acquired by William and Mary in 1797 and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building in 1801. Previously displayed in the piazza of the Capitol Building at the opposite end of Duke of Gloucester Street, the statue was a landmark in front of the building for several centuries. After years of weathering, it was removed in 1958 and in 1966 was placed in its new location inside the College's Swem Library. In 1993, as the College celebrated its Tercentenary (300th anniversary), a new statue of Lord Botetourt, created in bronze by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray, was installed in the College Yard, in the place occupied for so many years by the original.^[28]

Priorities of the College

The plaque

A large plaque was presented by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1914 which lists some of the notable firsts for William and Mary:^{[citation needed]}

• First college in the United States, the claim being that its antecedents go back to the college proposed at Henrico (1619).
• First American college to receive its charter from the Crown under the Seal of the Privy Council, in 1693. Hence it was known as "their Majesties' Royal College of William and Mary."
• First and only American college to receive a colonial Coat-of-Arms from the College of Arms in London, 1694.
• First college in the United States to have a full Faculty, consisting of a President, six Professors, usher; and writing master, 1729.
• First college to confer medallic prizes; the gold medals donated by Lord Botetourt in 1771.
• First college to establish an inter-collegiate fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa, December 5, 1776.
• First college to have the Elective system of study, 1779.
• First college to have the Honor System (inked by Thomas Jefferson), 1779.
• First college to become a University, 1779.
• First college to have a school of Modern Languages, 1779.
• First college to include Fine Arts in a professorship, 1779.
• First college to have a school of Municipal and Constitutional Law, 1779.
• First college to teach Political Economy, 1784.
• First college to have a school of Modern History, 1803.

See also

• List of the oldest buildings in the United States
• Wren Cross controversy
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg, Virginia

Further reading

• Kornwolf, James D. (1989). "So Good a Design": The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary, Its History, Background, and Legacy. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary, Joseph and Margaret Muscarelle Museum of Art.^{[full citation needed]}
• Davis, Howard (1990). "Review: [Untitled]" (Reviewed Works: "So Good a Design": The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary, Its History, Background, and Legacy [by] James D. Kornwolf [and] Collegiate Gothic: The Architecture of Rhodes College [by] William Morgan). Winterthur Portfolio. 25 (4, Winter). Chicagp, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 289–292. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
• Wilson, Richard Guy; Butler, Sara A.; Chappell, Edward; Driggs, Sarah Shields; Larsen, Hal; McClane, Debra A.; Potterfield, Jr., Thomas Tyler; Rasmussen, William M. S.; Richardson, Selden; Slipek, Jr., Edwin; Wagner, Marc C.; Wojtowicz, Robert, ed. (2002). "Hampton Roads (HR) [HR31—College of William and Mary, Old College Yard; HR31.1 Wren Building]". Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont. Buildings of the United States (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Society of Architectural Historians–Oxford University Press. p. v., 374-377, esp. 375f. ISBN 0195152069. Retrieved December 14, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Note, from Butler forward, the names appearing are contributors (frontmatter. v.), a list which ends "and Others".
• Novelli, Chris; Bezirdjian, Melina; Loth, Calder & McDonald, Lena Sweeten (2015). Classic Commonwealth: Virginia Architecture from the Colonial Era to 1940 (PDF). Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. pp. 35–38. Retrieved January 8, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Seurattan, Suzanne (January 6, 2016). "The Wren: You Know the Building; What About Its History?". Libraries.WM.edu. Williamsburg, VA: William & Mary Libraries. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
• DHR Staff (January 10, 2024). "137-0013: Wren Building (Old College Yard, College of William and Mary)". DHR.Virginia.gov. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR). Retrieved December 12, 2024.

References

1. DHR Staff (January 10, 2024). "137-0013: Wren Building (Old College Yard, College of William and Mary)". DHR.Virginia.gov. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR). Retrieved December 12, 2024. VLR Listing Date 09/09/1969 / NRHP Listing Date 10/15/1966 / NHL Listing Date 10/09/1960 / NRHP Reference Number 66000929.
2. For original submission documents, see the following search portal, and enter the 66000929 reference number: NPS Staff (December 14, 2024). "Wren Building, College of William and Mary" (NHRP entry). NPS.gov/NRHP. Washington, DC: National Park Service (NPS), National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
3. NPS-NHL Program Staff (June 27, 2008). "Wren Building, College of William and Mary". TPS.CR.NPS.gov/NHL. Washington, DC: National Park Service (NPS), National Historic Landmarks (NHL) Program. Archived from the original (NHL Program listing) on February 13, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
4. Wilson, Richard Guy; Butler, Sara A.; Chappell, Edward; Driggs, Sarah Shields; Larsen, Hal; McClane, Debra A.; Potterfield, Jr., Thomas Tyler; Rasmussen, William M. S.; Richardson, Selden; Slipek, Jr., Edwin; Wagner, Marc C.; Wojtowicz, Robert, ed. (2002). "Hampton Roads (HR) [HR31—College of William and Mary, Old College Yard; HR31.1 Wren Building]". Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont. Buildings of the United States (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Society of Architectural Historians–Oxford University Press. p. v., 374-377, esp. 375f. ISBN 0195152069. Retrieved December 14, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Note, from Butler forward, the names appearing are contributors (frontmatter. v.), a list which ends "and Others".
5. Seurattan, Suzanne (January 6, 2016). "The Wren: You Know the Building; What About Its History?". Libraries.WM.edu. Williamsburg, VA: William & Mary Libraries. Retrieved December 12, 2024. The cornerstone of the College was laid on Aug. 8, 1695. No images of the cornerstone are known to exist.^{[better source needed]}
6. Anthony, Matt (February 15, 2018). "College of William and Mary". BirdingVirginia.org. Amelia Court House, VA: Birding Virginia. Retrieved December 12, 2024. Ancient Campus, on the eastern side near Merchant's Square, is the part most frequently visited by tourists due to the presence of the historic Wren Building.
7. The Crimson Staff (April 5, 2007). "The Critical Mass. (Hall)". The Harvard Crimson (TheCrimson.com). Cambridge, MA: The Harvard Crimson, Inc. Archived from the original (opinion piece) on April 7, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2024. Massachusetts Hall... will join University Hall and Harvard Hall and, unfortunately, may cease to house first-year Harvard students... Mass. Hall—built in 1720—is the oldest standing building at Harvard and the second-oldest standing academic building in the United States (behind the Wren Building at The College of William and Mary).
8. The College of William & Mary – Home Retrieved April 23, 2008.^{[full citation needed]}
9. Colonial Williamsburg—Wren Building. Retrieved April 23, 2008.^{[full citation needed]}
10. William and Mary Staff [presumed]. "[1] Black History" (transcript of a Wren House display placard, author and date unknown, presenting unsourced introductory content regarding the use of slaves in the early period of the Wren and William and Mary operations). spotswoodsociety.wixsite.com. Retrieved December 14, 2024. It is important to note that this building was made by the labor of enslaved individuals. There was no 'trained' brick layer. And looking at the size of the tools used, it's possible that these were enslaved children. The history of this college is inextricably linked with the subject of slavery. Enslaved labor was used to construct the buildings of the college and then they worked to run the College, most likely assisting with cleaning, cooking, gardening, tending livestock, etc. Most likely, they slept where they worked, which meant the cellar of the Wren Building or the kitchen. There were possibly even enslaved quarters somewhere outside the building – we know that this was an idea that was brought up but we don't know if it was ever implemented. Note, this placard, while containing valuable information, appears without formal bibliographic connection to either William and Mary, or another authoritative source; hence, it is presented in the interim without author or date, or full confidence in provenance.
11. Kornwolf, James D. (1989). "So Good a Design": The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary, Its History, Background, and Legacy. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary, Joseph and Margaret Muscarelle Museum of Art.^{[full citation needed]} Note, for a review substantiating the existence of this book volume (which appears without ISBN, and without entry at Google Books), see Davis, Howard (1990). "Review: [Untitled]" (Reviewed Works: "So Good a Design": The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary, Its History, Background, and Legacy [by] James D. Kornwolf [and] Collegiate Gothic: The Architecture of Rhodes College [by] William Morgan). Winterthur Portfolio. 25 (4, Winter). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 289–292. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
12. Erickson, Mark St. John (July 24, 2014). "Wren Building dig reveals foundation of long-lost college structure". Daily Press. Retrieved June 15, 2021. Note, this source makes no mention of the foundations corresponding to a "fourth wing" of the Wren Building.
13. "Historic Campus". College of William and Mary.
14. virtual tour^{[full citation needed]}
15. William and Mary Staff [presumed]. "[11] Built on Slave Labor [Colonial Period / 1693-1776]" (transcript of a Wren House display placard, author and date unknown, presenting content from the historical Bursar’s Book, 1745-1770). spotswoodsociety.wixsite.com. Retrieved December 14, 2024. 'I went with Mr. Blair and a Negro man, to break open the School Doors… at which time several Pistols were fired by the Scholars… a Negro Girl ran and told Mrs. Blair.' Affidavit of Thomas Johnson on students barricading the Grammar School doors before Christmas 1702 ... Until at least 1724, students, administrators, faculty, and staff, including slaves and their families, lived in this building. ... In addition, 8 body servants – enslaved African Americans about the same age as the students – were here to attend their young owners. The bursar charges show minimal room and board costs. Note, this placard, while containing valuable information (referencing a primary source), appears without formal bibliographic connection to either William and Mary, or another authoritative source; hence, it is presented in the interim without author or date, or full confidence in provenance.
16. "Student"; Nicholson, Francis & Staff of W&M (2021) [1 May 1699]. "MS43.04 Francis Nicholson Papers / First of Five Student Speeches" (university archive transcript, primary 17th century manuscript). ColonialWilliamsburg.org. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library. Retrieved February 23, 2021. Oration I. Vernacular / IF Some of y^e. greatest Orato^rs. in time past, have become Speechless, at y^e. Appearance of Some one Eminent person what Confusion must I needs be in, who am neither to be Compared with y^e. Least of Orators & am to Speak before an Assembly on w^ch. when I cast my eyes, I see not only One but a greate many eminent men. / As God help me tis noe small matter, for a Stripling to Appear in a throng of Soe many Learned & Judicious Senio^rs but that Singular Attention & Cheerefulness Ye have Shewed in hearing the former Speaker Emboldens mee & gives me noe Small Assurance. / ... {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
17. Cameron, Gabi. "Class of 2009 Arrives for Orientation." Dog Street Journal. article The DoG Street Journal, printed August 23, 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
18. "Shhhhh . . . It's a Secret". College of William and Mary. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
19. Mark St. John Erickson (September 30, 2018). "Bodleian Plate opened window on lost Williamsburg". Daily Press. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
20. The Lemon Project Steering Committee (February 2019). "The Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation: Report of the First Eight Years" (PDF). Williamsburg, VA: The College of William and Mary in Virginia. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
21. "Spotswood Society".
22. "Spotswood Society".
23. "The Lemon Project Report".
24. "Spotswood Society".
25. Kale, Wilford (October 29, 2020). "1705 fire nearly destroyed original Wren Building on William & Mary campus". Virginia Gazette. Retrieved May 6, 2021 – via Daily Press.
26. "1 | Black History".
27. "Sir John Randolph". Williamsburg, Virginia: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
28. The College of William & Mary

External links

• William & Mary College, Main Building, College Yard, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, VA: 4 photos, 14 measured drawings, and 5 data pages at Historic American Buildings Survey
• William and Mary — History of the Wren Building
• Colonial Williamsburg — Wren Building