Wind power in Hawaii
Electricity from wind in one U.S. state From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wind power in Hawaii is produced by the state's 132 commercial wind turbines, totaling 236 MW in capacity.[timeframe?] In 2015, wind turbines produced 6.4% of Hawaii's electricity.[1]: 2 [2] In 2012, Hawaii generated 367 million kWh from wind power.[3]
Hawaii began research into wind power in the mid-1980s with a 340 kW turbine on Maui, and the 2.3MW Lalamilo Wells wind farm on Oahu and the 9MW Kamaoa wind farm on the Big Island of Hawaii .[4] The MOD-5B, a 3.2MW wind turbine, on Oahu was the largest in the world in 1987. These early examples were all out of service by 2010.
Notable projects
Operational
| Name | Location | Coordinates | Capacity (MW) | Number of turbines | Year opened | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auwahi Wind Energy Hybrid | Maui County | 24 | 8 | 2012 | ||
| Hawi Wind Farm | Hawaii County | 10.6 | 16 | 2006 | ||
| Kaheawa Wind Power | Maui County | 30 | 20 | 2006 | ||
| Kaheawa Wind Power II | Maui County | 21 | 14 | 2012 | ||
| Kahuku Wind Power | Honolulu County | 30 | 12 | 2011 | ||
| Kawailoa Wind | Honolulu County | 69 | 30 | 2012 | ||
| Lalamilo Wells | Hawaii County | 3.3 | 5 | 2017 | [5] | |
| Nā Pua Makani | Honolulu County | 24 | 8 | 2021 | [6] | |
| Pakini Nui Wind Farm | Hawaii County | 21 | 14 | 2007 |
Proposed wind farms
Hawaii offshore wind potential
Two developers have submitted proposals for three offshore wind farms.[7] They are under review by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.[8]
Former wind farms
- Kamaoa Wind Farm, 9.3 MW, in use 1987-2006
- Lalamilo Wind Farm, 2.3 MW, in use 1986-2010. Repowered by a new farm at the site in 2017.
Community reactions
In 2019 Kahuku residents protested the placement of wind towers, leading to hundreds of arrests for obstructing entry of equipment to the turbine sites. In 2021 residents and the Kahuku Community Association objected to the presence of 20 large-scale wind turbines in their neighborhood. They experienced problems from the noise and shadows that come and go with the turning of the blades, claiming that this produced sleep disruption, depression, seizures and other neurological effects. In response, rules that govern turbine siting, such as increasing the minimum distance from residences to 1.25 miles, are under review by the Honolulu City Council. Existing law allows an, e.g., 600 ft (180 m) to be placed 600 feet from the nearest house (1:1).The Hawaii State Energy Office offered support for a setback of a mile or more from homes and structures. Residents also expressed concern about the threat to endangered wildlife, particularly the opeapea bat.[9]
Potential
Hawaii has the potential to install 3,000 MW of wind power, capable of generating 12,000 GWh/year with 80 meter hub heights operating at 30% capacity factor or more.[12] Hawaii used 9,962 GWh in 2011, so Hawaii has the potential to generate all electricity used in the state from wind and solar power.[13] In addition, Hawaii has the potential to generate 2,800,000 GWh/year from offshore wind power.[14] Authorities approved feasibility in 2016 for 3 companies looking at floating wind turbines up to 400 MW.[15][16]
See also
References
External links
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