Wilkins Sound

Wilkins Sound is a seaway in Antarctica that is largely occupied by the Wilkins Ice Shelf. It is located on the southwest side of the Antarctic Peninsula between the concave western coastline of Alexander Island and the shores of Charcot Island and Latady Island farther to the west.

Wilkins Sound

Wilkins Sound within Antarctica
Geography
Location	Antarctica
Administration
Antarctica
Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System

Its northern portion was first seen and roughly mapped in 1910 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot and was observed from the air in 1929 by Sir Hubert Wilkins. The configuration of the sound was determined in 1940 on exploratory flights by the US Antarctic Service (USAS). It was named by the USAS for Sir Hubert Wilkins, who in 1929 first proved "Charcot Land" to be an island (see Charcot Island) and thereby indirectly discovered this feature. The existence of Latady Island at the southwest side of the sound was determined in 1960 by D.J.H. Searle of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) by examination of air photos taken by the 1947–48 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition.

On 5 April 2009 the thin bridge of ice to Charcot Island splintered, and scientists expect it could cause the collapse of the Shelf. There are reports the shelf has exploded into hundreds of small icebergs. David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey has attributed these events to global warming.^[1]

Wilkins Ice Shelf

2008 partial collapse

Diagram showing region of ice preventing further collapse

The Wilkins Ice Shelf is a rectangular ice shelf about 80 nautical miles (150 km) long and 60 nautical miles (110 km) wide (150 by 110 km (93 by 68 mi)). This feature occupies the central part of Wilkins Sound, from which it takes its name. The name was proposed by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971.

Breakup and collapse events

Further information: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

In 1993, Professor David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) predicted that the northern part of the Wilkins ice shelf was likely to be lost within 30 years if climate warming on the Peninsula were to continue at the same rate.^[2]

A study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2002 stated, "Because air temperatures are statistically increasing along the Antarctic Peninsula region, the presence of glacial meltwater is likely to become more prevalent in these surface waters and continue to play an ever-increasing role in driving this fragile ecosystem." In 2008 David Vaughan conceded his predictions had been too conservative and that events on the ground were moving quicker than he anticipated.^[3]

On 25 March 2008 a 405 km² (156 sq mi) chunk of the Wilkins ice shelf disintegrated, putting an even larger portion of the glacial ice shelf at risk.^[4][5] Scientists were surprised when they discovered the rest of the 14,000 km² (5,400 sq mi)^[6] ice shelf is beginning to break away from the continent. What is left of the Wilkins ice shelf is now connected by only a narrow beam of ice.^[7] At the end of May 2008, another break-off further reduced the width of the connecting ice strip from 6 to 2.7 km (3.7–1.7 mi).^[8] This second smaller event, with about 160 km² (62 sq mi) of ice separating, was the first documented break-up that occurred in winter.^[8] The Wilkins Ice Shelf is not connected to inland glaciers in the same way as the Larsen B Ice Shelf was and will therefore have a negligible effect on sea level rise.^[7]

On 29 November 2008, the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that the Wilkins Ice Shelf has lost around 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) so far in 2008. A satellite image captured 26 November 2008 shows new rifts on the ice shelf that make it dangerously close to breaking away from the strip of ice—and the islands to which it is connected, the ESA said.^[9]

On 20 January 2009, Reuters reported that the ice shelf could collapse into the ocean within "weeks or months". The shelf was then only held up by a very thin strip of ice (varying from 2 km to 500 meters at the narrowest), which made it very vulnerable to cracks and fissures. If the strip were to break, it would release the ice shelf, which now has the area of the state of Connecticut (about 14,000 km²).^[10] Satellite evidence from 2 April 2009 led ESA analysts to conclude that the collapse of the strip (which would result in a partial break-away from the Antarctic Peninsula) was "imminent".^[11] Pursuant to this determination, ESA's Envisat satellite is observing the area on a daily basis. The satellite acquisitions are updated automatically to monitor the developments immediately as they occur.^[12] Additionally NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites overfly the area several times a day and some of the images acquired are also available.^[13]

On 5 April 2009, the ice bridge connecting part of the ice shelf to Charcot Island collapsed.^[14] The break occurred at the thinnest point in the 40-kilometre-long (25 mi) bridge and was the first in any of the sections that connect it to the mainland.^[15] While only a section has broken away, some scientists predicted that another large section of the Wilkins Ice Shelf was only days away from completely breaking off.^[16] The shelf remains connected to Latady Island, although it has been stated that this connection "looks set to collapse" as well.^[17] The breakaway is seen as firm evidence of the ongoing effects of warming.^[18] Temperatures in this region of Antarctica have risen by 2.5 degrees Celsius since the 1950s.^[17] Some scientists believe that the collapse of the weakened ice was triggered by increased wave action due to the current relative absence of sea ice, however, a prominent glaciologist, Doug MacAyeal, has said the trigger for the original break-up in March 2008 was likely the much longer wavelengths of ocean swells created by distant storms.^[19]

If the entire shelf, which is approximately the size of Jamaica (10,991 km², 4,244 sq mi),^[15] does completely break away from land it would be the largest one to do so, thus far.^[16] In the month of April 2009 alone, approximately 700 square kilometers (about 270.3 square miles) has broken off Wilkins Sound since the collapse of the ice bridge.^[20]

The disintegration of the fringe of the ice shelf, weakened by previous breakups, has continued in March 2013.^[21]

• 
  The Wilkins ice bridge still intact.
• 
  The ice bridge is gone, replaced by chunks of ice.

See also

• Geography portal

• Bellingshausen Sea
• George VI Sound
• Larsen Ice Shelf
• List of Antarctic ice shelves
• Rothschild Island

Notes

1. "Antarctic ice bridge splits". BBC News. 5 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
2. "Antarctic ice shelf hangs by a thread". British Antarctic Survey. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
3. "Wilkins Ice Shelf hanging by its last thread". European Space Agency. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
4. Associated Press, "Western Antarctic Ice Chunk Collapses"
5. Satellite imagery from the United States "National Snow and Ice Data Center" Scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder offered the first alert. (Mercopress, "Gigantic ice shelf breaking away", 2008-03-26).
6. The US state of Connecticut is 5,543 sq mi (14,360 km²), the island of Jamaica 4,244 sq mi (10,990 km²).
7. "Antarctic ice shelf 'hanging by a thread'". New Scientist. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
8. "Even The Antarctic Winter Cannot Protect Wilkins Ice Shelf". sciencedaily.com. 14 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
9. "New rifts form on Antarctic ice shelf". CNN.com. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
10. "Antarctic ice shelf set to collapse due to warming". Reuters. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
11. "Collapse of the ice bridge supporting Wilkins Ice Shelf appears imminent". ESA. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
12. "ESA - Observing the Earth - Keeping an eye on Wilkins Ice Shelf". ESA. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
13. Miguel Angel Rubio Escudero. "The Unofficial Wilkins Ice Shelf Spacecam". Decsai.ugr.es. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
14. "Ice Bridge Holding Antarctic Shelf in Place Shatters". The New York Times. 5 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
15. "Ice bridge ruptures in Antarctic". BBC News. 5 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
16. Harris, Paul (5 April 2009). "Antarctic ice shelf half the size of Scotland on verge of collapse". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
17. "Ice shelf about to break away from Antarctic coast". Associated Press. 4 April 2009. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
18. "Antarctic ice shelf breaks up". BBC News. 5 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
19. "Wilkins Ice Shelf". The Antarctic Sun. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
20. "New York City-sized ice collapses off Antarctica". Reuters. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
21. "Breakup Continues on the Wilkins Ice Shelf". NASA Earth observatory. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

 This article incorporates public domain material from "Wilkins Sound". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

70°15′S 73°00′W