Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts

Among the approximately one million foreign volunteers and conscripts who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II were ethnic Belgians, Czechs, Dutch, Finns, Danes, French, Hungarians, Norwegians, Poles,^[1] Portuguese, Swedes,^[2] Swiss along with people from Great Britain, Ireland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Balkans.^[3] At least 47,000 Spaniards served in the Blue Division.^[4]

Many Soviet citizens (Russians and other non-Russian ethnic minorities) joined the Wehrmacht forces as Hiwis (or Hilfswillige).^[5] The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe.^[6] Russian émigrés and defectors from the Soviet Union formed the Russian Liberation Army or fought as Hilfswillige within German units of the Wehrmacht primarily on the Eastern Front.^[7] Non-Russians from the Soviet Union formed the Ostlegionen (literally "Eastern Legions"). The East Legions comprized a total of 175,000 personnel.^[8] These units were all commanded by General Ernst August Köstring (1876−1953).^[9] A lower estimate for the total number of foreign volunteers that served in the entire German armed forces (including the Waffen SS) is 350,000.^[10]

These units were often under the command of German officers and some published their own propaganda newssheets.

Soviet Union

More information Unit name, Description ...

Unit name	Description
Armenian Legion	Mostly Soviet Armenians
Azerbaijani Legion	Mostly Soviet Azeris
Georgian Legion	Mostly Soviet Georgians
Hiwi	Soviet civilians and prisoners of war
XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps	Until 1 February 1945 under command of the Wehrmacht, then the Corps was transferred to the Waffen-SS^[11]
Kalmykian Voluntary Cavalry Corps	Mostly Kalmyks
Litauische Bau-Bataillonen	Mostly conscripted Lithuanians
Fatherland Defense Force	Land unit composed of Lithuanians
Luftwaffen-Legion Lettland	Air unit composed of Latvians.
Nachtigall Battalion	Ukrainians of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
Ostlegionen	Consisting mostly of Caucasians
Roland Battalion	A.k.a. Special Group Roland. Second Polish Republic citizens of Ukrainian ethnicity
Russian Liberation Army	Mostly ethnic Russians
162nd Turkoman Division	Formed in May 1943 and comprised 5 Azeri and 6 Turkestani artillery/infantry units.^[12]
Ukrainian Liberation Army	Ukrainians
Ukrainian National Army	Ukrainians

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Croatia

More information Unit name ...

Unit name
369th (Croatian) Infantry Division
373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division
392nd (Croatian) Infantry Division
369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht)
Croatian Naval Legion
Croatian Air Force Legion
Croatian Anti-Aircraft Legion

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Legion Freies Arabien (Arab volunteers)
- Deutsch-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung (Arab volunteers)
- Deutsch-Arabisches Bataillon Nr. 845 (Arab volunteers)
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1 (Turkish volunteers)

Armenische Legion (Armenian volunteers)
Aserbaidschanische Legion (Azerbaijani volunteers)
30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Russische Nr. 2)
Georgische Legion (Georgian volunteers)
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1 (Georgian volunteers)
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 2 (Armenians & Azerbaijanis)
Sonderverband Bergmann (Georgian and Azerbaijani volunteers)
- I. Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion (Georgian volunteers)
- III. Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion (Azerbaijani volunteers)
SS-Waffengruppe Georgien (Georgian volunteers)
SS-Waffengruppe Armenien (Armenian volunteers)
SS-Waffengruppe Aserbaidschan (Azeri volunteers)

Kaukasisch-Mohammedanische Legion (Azerbaijani, Circassian, Daghestani, Chechen, Ingush, and Lezghin volunteer units)
Kaukasischer-Waffen-Verband der SS or Freiwilligen Brigade Nordkaukasien (volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
Nordkaukasische Legion ("North Caucasian Legion" volunteers from the North Caucasus region)
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 1 (North Caucasian volunteers)
Sonderverband Bergmann (North Caucasian volunteers)
- II. Sonderverband Bergmann Battalion (North Caucasian volunteers)
SS-Waffengruppe Nordkaukasus (North Caucasian volunteers; Chechens, Ingush & Dagestani)

162. (Turkistan) Infanterie-Division (Turkestani volunteers)
Muselmanischen SS-Division Neu-Turkistan (Turkestani volunteers)
Turkistanische Legion (volunteers from Central Asia; Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs & Turkmen)
Böhler-Brigade (Turkestani volunteers)
1. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
2. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
3. Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS or 1. Ostmuselmanisches SS-Regiment (Central Asia volunteers)
Turkestanisches-Arbeits-Ersatz-Battalion (Turkestani volunteers)
Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan (Central Asian volunteers)

Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll (Kalmykian volunteers)
Abwehrtrupp 103 (Kalmykian volunteers)
Kalmücken Legion or Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kalmykian volunteers)

Tatar Legion
SS-Waffengruppe Idel-Ural (Turkic volunteers from Volga/Ural area)
Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS (Tatar Nr. 1) (Tatar volunteers)
30. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (Russische Nr. 2) (Armenian & Tatar volunteer units)
Wolgatatarische Legion (Volga Tatars and Volga-Finns)
Tataren-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment der SS (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
Waffen-Gruppe Krim (Crimean Tatar volunteers)
Schutzmannschaft Battalion (Crimean Tatar volunteers)

1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division (volunteers from Cossacks in Cherson, from February 1945 XV. SS-Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps)
Kosaken-Reiter-Brigade Kaukasus II (Caucasus Cossack volunteers)
Kuban-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 3 (Kuban Cossack volunteers)
Don-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 5 (Don Cossack volunteers)
Terek-Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 6 (Terek Cossack volunteers)
Kosaken-Artillerie-Regiment 2 (Caucasian Cossack volunteers)
Sibirisches Kosaken-Reiter-Regiment 2 (Siberian Cossack volunteers)
XV. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kotelnikovo Cossack volunteers)
Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 5 (Cossack volunteers)

Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division (Georgian, Turkish, North Caucasian, Armenian & Azerbaijani volunteers)

Waffen-Gruppe Turkistan
Waffen-Gruppe Idel-Ural
Waffen-Gruppe Azerbaijan
Waffen-Gruppe Krim

Azerbaijan

Azerbajçan – Azerbaijani Legion

Kalmykia

Kalmyckij Boec ("Kalmyk Soldier") – Kalmyk Cavalry Corps

Kosaken (Cossack Nation)

Kosaken-Illustrierte ("Cossack Illustrated") – 1st Cossack Cavalry Division (trilingual)
La terra dei cosacchi ("The Land of the Cossacks") – Cossack units in upper Italy

Krimtürken (Crimean Tatars)

Kirim ("Crimea") – Weekly paper for the Crimean Tatar volunteers, Berlin 1944–1945

Tataren (Tatar nation)

Deutsch-tatarisches Nachrichtenblatt ("German-Tatar News Journal") – Volga Tatar Legion, monthly publication, Berlin 1944–1945 (bilingual)

Turkestaner (Central Asian nation)

Yeni Türkistan ("New Turkestan") – Turkistan Legion
Svoboda ("Freedom") – 162nd Turkoman Division
Türk Birligi ("Turkish Unity") – Osttürkischer Waffen-Verband der SS, weekly publication, Berlin 1944–1945

These German commanders also received honorary military or leading titles between their units at charge; for example Helmuth von Pannwitz received the title of "Ataman" from his Cossack units.

Generalleutnant Helmuth von Pannwitz
Oberst Hans-Joachim von Schultz
Oberstleutnant Günther von Steinsdorff
Oberst von Baath
Oberst Freiherr von Nolcken
Oberst Konstantin Wagner
Sonderführer Othmar Rudolf Wyrba a.k.a. "Dr. Doll" (German, Tibetan and Mongolian language expert; leader of the Kalmuck units)
Oberstleutnant Pipgorra
Oberst Raimund Hoerst
SS-Obersturmbannführer Andreas Meyer-Mader
SS-Hauptsturmführer Billig
SS-Hauptsturmführer Hermann
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve Franz Liebermann
SS-Hauptsturmführer Reiner Olzscha
SS-Hauptsturmführer Fürst
SS-Standartenführer Harun-el-Raschid Bey (of the central Asian legions; was a German who converted to Islam while serving as an advisor to Enver Pasha)
Generalmajor Prof. Dr. Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer
Generalleutnant Ralph von Heygendorff

Otto Bräutigam

Cossack Ataman General Pyotr Krasnov
Cossack Ataman General Andrei Shkuro
Cossack Ataman Vasili Glazkov
Kalmuk Prince Tundotov

Provisional Government of Lithuania
Zuyev Republic
Belarusian Central Council
Lokot Autonomy (later Lepel Republic)
Ukrainian National Government
Ukrainian National Committee
Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia
Liberation Movement of the Peoples of Russia
- Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
North Caucasus National Committee
Turkestan National Committee
Patriotic Union Tetri Giorgi
Cossack Central Office
National Karachai Committee
Armenian National Committee
Kalmyk National Committee
Simferopol Muslim Committee
Tatar Committee
Eastern Turkish Council
Caucasian Council
Cossack National Liberation Movement
Main Board of the Cossack Forces
Russian Committee in Latvia
Belarusian Committee (Warsaw)
Belarusian Committee (Białystok)
Belarusian Representation
Belarusian Self-Help Committee
Belarusian National Center
Belarusian Cultural Assembly
Committee to Combat Bolshevism
Russian Committee
Caucasian Committee in the General Government
Commission for Cossacks
Gathering of the nations enslaved by Russia

More information Unit name ...

Unit name
Blue Division^[13]
Blue Legion
Free Arabian Legion
Indian Legion
Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
Malgré-nous
Poles in the Wehrmacht
Russian Corps
Walloon Legion
British Free Corps

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Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
Georgian uprising on Texel
Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
Non-Germans in the German armed forces during World War II
361st Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht) - recruited among Germans from the French Foreign Legion
Selbstschutz

[1]
Ryszard Kaczmarek: Polacy w Wehrmachcie. Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010. ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9
[2]
Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982). Sveriges militära beredskap 1939-1945 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget. ISBN 978-91-85266-20-3.
[3]
Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F. "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers". International Security. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
[4]
"Spain's Nazi volunteers defend their right to recognition - and German pensions". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2015.
[5]
Audrey L. Alstadt (2013). "The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule". p. 187. ISBN 9780817991838
[6]
Carlos Caballero Jurado (1983). Foreign Volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941–45. Translated by Alfredo Campello, David List. Osprey. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85045-524-3.
[7]
M. V. Nazarov, The Mission of the Russian Emigration, Moscow: Rodnik, 1994. ISBN 5-86231-172-6^{[page needed]}
[8]
"Slaughter on the Eastern Front: Hitler and Stalin's War 1941-1945" Appendix 3
[9]
Dermot Bradley, Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Markus Rövekamp: Die Generale des Heeres 1921–1945. Band 7: Knabe–Luz. Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2004, ISBN 3-7648-2902-8.
[10]
"SS: Hitler's Foreign Divisions" description
[11]
Rolf Michaelis: Die Waffen-SS. Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Michaelis-Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 36
[12]
Nikolai Tolstoy (1977). The Secret Betrayal. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 304ff. ISBN 0-684-15635-0.
[13]
Carlos Caballero Jurado; Ramiro Bujeiro (2009). Blue Division Soldier 1941-45: Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84603-412-1.

Bibliography

Jurado, Carlos Caballero (1985). Foreign volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941-45. London: Osprey. ISBN 0-85045-524-3. OCLC 13216649.
Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.

Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.
Edele, Mark (2017). Stalins' Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879815-6.

[1] [1]
Ryszard Kaczmarek: Polacy w Wehrmachcie. Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010. ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9

[2] [2]
Wangel, Carl-Axel (1982). Sveriges militära beredskap 1939-1945 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget. ISBN 978-91-85266-20-3.

[https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit-3] [3]
Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F. "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers". International Security. Retrieved 30 July 2021.

[4] [4]
"Spain's Nazi volunteers defend their right to recognition - and German pensions". The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2015.

[alstadt-5] [5]
Audrey L. Alstadt (2013). "The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule". p. 187. ISBN 9780817991838

[6] [6]
Carlos Caballero Jurado (1983). Foreign Volunteers of the Wehrmacht 1941–45. Translated by Alfredo Campello, David List. Osprey. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85045-524-3.

[7] [7]
M. V. Nazarov, The Mission of the Russian Emigration, Moscow: Rodnik, 1994. ISBN 5-86231-172-6^{[page needed]}

[8] [8]
"Slaughter on the Eastern Front: Hitler and Stalin's War 1941-1945" Appendix 3

[9] [9]
Dermot Bradley, Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Markus Rövekamp: Die Generale des Heeres 1921–1945. Band 7: Knabe–Luz. Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2004, ISBN 3-7648-2902-8.

[10] [10]
"SS: Hitler's Foreign Divisions" description

[11] [11]
Rolf Michaelis: Die Waffen-SS. Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Michaelis-Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 36

[tolstoy-12] [12]
Nikolai Tolstoy (1977). The Secret Betrayal. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 304ff. ISBN 0-684-15635-0.

[13] [13]
Carlos Caballero Jurado; Ramiro Bujeiro (2009). Blue Division Soldier 1941-45: Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84603-412-1.

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