Vicious circle
Self-reinforcing sequence of events From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A vicious circle (or cycle) is a complex chain of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop, with detrimental results.[1] It is a system with no tendency toward equilibrium (social, economic, ecological, etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example of positive feedback. A vicious circle will continue in the direction of its momentum until an external factor intervenes to break the cycle. A well-known example of a vicious circle in economics is hyperinflation.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
When the results are not detrimental but beneficial, the term virtuous cycle is used instead.
Examples
Summarize
Perspective
Subprime mortgage crisis
The contemporary subprime mortgage crisis is a complex group of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the late 2000s recession. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "underwater", when the market value of a home drops below that of the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further from over-supply, reinforcing the cycle.[2]
The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called "recapitalization". If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and unemployment increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures. Economist Nouriel Roubini discussed vicious circles in the housing and financial markets in interviews with Charlie Rose in September and October 2008.[3][4][5]
Ecological areas
By involving all stakeholders in managing ecological areas, a virtuous circle can be created where improved ecology encourages the actions that maintain and improve the area.[6]
Other
Other examples include the poverty cycle, sharecropping, and the intensification of drought. In 2021, Austrian Chancellor Alexander Schallenberg described the recurring need for lockdowns in the COVID-19 pandemic as a vicious circle that could only be broken by a legally-required vaccination program.[7]
See also
- Catch-22 (logic) – Situation in which one cannot avoid a problem because of contradictory constraints
- Causal loop diagram – Causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are interrelated
- Chain reaction – Self-amplifying chain of events
- Cycle of poverty – Vicious cycle that reinforces poverty
- Cycle of violence – Violent behavior learned as a child, and then repeated as an adult
- Closed timelike curve – World line of a particle in spacetime which returns to its starting point
- Endogeneity (econometrics) – Concept in econometrics
- Positive feedback – Feedback loop that increases an initial small effect
- Rational addiction – Addiction modeled as economically rational form of consumption
- Reflexivity (sociology) – Circular relationships between cause and effect
- Self-fulfilling prophecy – Prediction that causes itself to become true
- Spiral of silence – Political science and mass communication theory
- Unintended consequences – Unforeseen outcomes of an action
References
General and cited references
External links
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.