World's fair
Large international exhibition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Large international exhibition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations.[1] These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months.[1]
The term "world's fair" is commonly used in the United States,[2] while the French term, Exposition universelle ("universal exhibition"[3]) is used in most of Europe and Asia; other terms include World Expo or Specialised Expo, with the word expo used for various types of exhibitions since at least 1958.
Since the adoption of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Paris-based Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions; four types of international exhibition are organised under its auspices: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers), and the Milan Triennial.
Astana, Kazakhstan held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017 while Dubai, United Arab Emirates hosted World Expo 2020 (postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and Doha, Qatar hosted Horticultural Expo in 2023.[4]
In 1791, Prague organized the first World's Fair in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).[5][6][7] The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia. The exhibition was held in the Clementinum, and celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period.[8] France had a tradition of national exhibitions, which culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in Europe.
In 1851, the "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom. The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products.[9] It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism.[10] This expo was the precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called World Expos, that have continued to be held to the present time.[9]
The character of world fairs, or expositions, has evolved since the first one in 1851. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.[11]
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The first era, the era of "industrialization", roughly covered the years from 1850 to 1938. In these years, world expositions were largely focused on trade and displayed technological advances and inventions. World expositions were platforms for state-of-the-art science and technology from around the world. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, 1876 Philadelphia, Paris 1878, 1888 Barcelona, 1889 Paris, 1891 Prague, 1893 Chicago, 1897 Brussels, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis, 1915 San Francisco, and 1933–1934 Chicago were notable in this respect.[12] Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. This era set the basic character of the world fair.[13]
The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair, and those that followed, took a different approach, one less focused on technology and aimed more at cultural themes and social progress. For instance, the theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, it was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". These fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication along with sharing of technological innovation.
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67. Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of Expo (the Montreal Expos, a former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair).[14]
From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of the countries participating in Expo 2000.[citation needed] Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.[citation needed]
At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each.[15] Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general.[16]
At present there are two types of international exhibition: World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) and Specialised Expos (formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions).[17] World Expos, previously known as universal expositions, are the biggest category events. At World Expos, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years. World Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from 1 May to 31 October 2015.
Specialised Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 hectares (62 acres) and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m2 (1⁄4 acre). Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos.[18]
An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE: horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and the semi-regular Milan Triennial (not always held every third year) art and design exhibition, held in Milan, Italy, with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016.[19]
World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—for example Japan, France, Morocco, and Spain at Expo '92. Sometimes prefabricated structures are used to minimize costs for developing countries, or for countries from a geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92).
In the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction World Expos every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics. World Expos are restricted to every five years, with Specialized Expos in the in-between years.
Specialized Expos (formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions) are usually united by a precise theme—such as "Future Energy" (Expo 2017 Astana), "The Living Ocean and Coast" (Expo 2012 Yeosu), or "Leisure in the Age of Technology" (Brisbane, Expo '88). Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions.
Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of "adding" their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content.
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Horticultural Expos (formally known as A1 International Horticultural Exhibitions) are co-regulated by International Association of Horticultural Producers. Like Specialised Expos are organized in a precise theme—such as "Green Desert, Better Environment" (International Horticultural Expo 2023 Doha Qatar), "Growing Green Cities" (Floriade 2022), or "Building a Beautiful Home Featuring Harmonious Coexistence between Man and Nature" (Expo 2019).
The purpose of these exhibitions is to foster cooperation and the sharing of knowledge and solutions between countries, horticultural producers and agricultural industries by addressing the paramount issues of healthy lifestyles, green economies, sustainable living, education and innovation.
List of official world expositions (Universal and International/Specialised/Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions.[20]
| # | Name of exposition | Dates | Area (ha) | Visitors | Participants | Theme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Great Exhibition |
1 May – 11 October 1851 | 10.40 | 6,039,195 | 25 | Industry of all Nations |
| 2 |  Exposition Universelle (1855) |
15 May – 15 November 1855 | 15.20 | 5,162,330 | 28 | Agriculture, Industry and Fine Arts |
| 3 | 1862 International Exhibition |
1 May – 1 November 1862 | 11 | 6,096,617 | 39 | Industry and Art |
| 4 | Exposition Universelle (1867) |
1 April – 3 November 1867 | 68.70 | 15,000,000 | 42 | Agriculture, Industry and Fine Arts |
| 5 |  Weltausstellung 1873 Wien |
1 May – 31 October 1873 | 233 | 7,255,000 | 35 | Culture and Education |
| 6 |  Centennial Exposition |
10 May – 10 November 1876 | 115 | 10,000,000 | 35 | Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine |
| 7 | Exposition Universelle (1878) |
20 May – 10 November 1878 | 75 | 16,156,626 | 35 | New Technologies |
| 8 |  Melbourne International Exhibition (1880) |
1 October – 30 April 1881 | 25 | 1,330,000 | 33 | Arts, Manufactures and Agricultural and Industrial Products of all Nations |
| 9 |  Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888) |
8 April – 10 December 1888 | 46.50 | 2,300,000 | 30 | Fine and Industrial Art |
| 10 | Exposition Universelle (1889) |
5 May – 31 October 1889 | 96 | 32,250,297 | 35 | Celebration of the centenary of the French revolution |
| 11 |  World's Columbian Exposition |
1 May – 3 October 1893 | 290 | 27,500,000 | 19 | Fourth centenary of the discovery of America |
| 12 |  Brussels International (1897) |
10 May – 8 November 1897 | 36 | 6,000,000 | 27 | Modern Life |
| 13 | Exposition Universelle (1900) |
15 April – 12 November 1900 | 120 | 50,860,801 | 40 | 19th century: an overview |
| 14 |  Louisiana Purchase Exposition |
30 April – 1 December 1904 | 500 | 19,694,855 | 60 | Celebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase |
| 15 | Liège International (1905) |
27 April – 6 November 1905 | 70 | 7,000,000 | 35 | Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence |
| 16 |  Milan International (1906) |
28 April – 11 November 1906 | 100 | 4,012,776 | 40 | Transportation |
| 17 | Brussels International 1910 |
23 April – 7 November 1910 | 30 | 13,000,000 | 26 | Works of Art and Science, Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations |
| 18 | Exposition universelle et internationale (1913) |
26 April – 3 November 1913 | 130 | 9,503,419 | 24 | Peace, Industry and Art |
| 19 |  Panama–Pacific International Exposition |
20 February – 4 December 1915 | 254 | 18,876,438 | 41 | Celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal |
| 20 | 1929 Barcelona International Exposition |
20 May 1929 – 15 January 1930 | 118 | 5,800,000 | 29 | Industry, Art and Sport |
| 21 | Century of Progress |
27 May 1933 – 31 October 1934 | 170 | 38,872,000 | 21 | The independence among Industry and scientific research. |
| 22 | Brussels International Exposition (1935) |
27 April – 3 November 1935 | 152 | 20,000,000 | 25 | Transport |
| 23 | Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne |
25 May – 25 November 1937 | 104 | 31,040,955 | 35 | Arts and technology in modern life |
| 24 | 1939 New York World's Fair |
30 April 1939 – 27 October 1940 | 500 | 45,000,000 | 54 | Building the World of Tomorrow |
| 25 |  Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince |
8 December 1949 – 8 June 1950 | 30 | 250,000 | 18 | The festival of Peace |
| 26 | Expo '58 |
17 April – 19 October 1958 | 200 | 41,454,412 | 39 | A World View: A New Humanism |
| 27 |  Century 21 Exposition |
21 April – 21 October 1962 | 30 | 9,000,000 | 49 | Man in the Space Age |
| 28 |  Expo 67 |
28 April – 29 October 1967 | 400 | 50,306,648 | 62 | Man and his World |
| 29 |  Expo '70 |
15 March – 13 November 1970 | 330 | 64,218,770 | 67 | Progress and Harmony for Mankind |
| 30 |  Seville Expo '92 |
20 April – 12 October 1992 | 215 | 41,814,571 | 108 | The Age of Discovery |
| 31 |  Expo 2000 |
1 June – 31 October 2000 | 160 | 18,100,000 | 174 | Humankind – Nature – Technology |
| 32 |  Expo 2005 |
25 March – 25 September 2005 | 173 | 22,049,544 | 121 | Nature's Wisdom |
| 33 |  Expo 2010 |
1 May – 31 October 2010 | 523 | 73,085,000 | 100 | Better City, Better Life |
| 34 |  Expo 2015 |
1 May – 31 October 2015 | 110 | 21,500,000 | 139 | Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life |
| 35 |  Expo 2020 |
1 October 2021 – 31 March 2022 | 438 | 24,102,967 | 200 | Connecting Minds, Creating the Future |
| 36 | Expo 2025 |
13 April – 13 October 2025 | 155 | Designing Future Society for Our Lives | ||
| 37 |  Expo 2030 |
1 October 2030 – 31 March 2031 | 600 | The Era of Change: Together for a Foresighted Tomorrow |
| Name of exposition | Dates | Area | Visitors | Participants | Theme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Expo 1936 Stockholm |
15 May – 1 June 1936 | N/A | N/A | 8 | Aviation |
 Expo 1938 Helsinki |
14–22 May 1938 | N/A | N/A | 25 | Aerospace |
| Expo 1939 Liege |
20 May – 2 September 1939 | 50 | N/A | 8 | Art of Water |
| Expo 1947 Paris |
10 July – 15 August 1947 | 6.35 | N/A | 14 | Urbanism and Housing |
| Expo 1949 Stockholm |
27 July – 13 August 1949 | N/A | N/A | 14 | Sport and physical culture |
| Expo 1949 Lyon |
24 September – 9 October 1949 | 110 | N/A | N/A | Rural Habitat |
| Expo 1951 Lille |
28 April – 20 May 1951 | 15 | 1,500,000 | 24 | Textile |
| Expo 1953 Rome |
26 July – 31 October 1953 | 12 | 1,700,000 | N/A | Agriculture |
 Expo 1953 Jerusalem |
22 September – 14 October 1953 | 4.60 | 600,000 | 13 | Conquest of the Desert |
| Expo 1954 Naples |
15 May – 15 October 1954 | 100 | N/A | 25 | Navigation |
| Expo 1955 Turin |
25 May – 15 June 1955 | N/A | 120,000 | 11 | Sport |
| Expo 1955 Helsingborg |
10 June – 28 August 1955 | N/A | N/A | 10 | Modern Man in the Environment |
| Expo 1956 Beit Dagan |
21 May – 20 June 1956 | 55 | N/A | N/A | Citrus |
| Expo 1957 Berlin |
6 July – 29 September 1957 | N/A | 1,000,000 | 13 | Reconstruction of Hansa District |
| Expo 1961 Turin |
1 May – 31 September 1961 | 50 | 5,000,000 | 19 | Man and his Work – A Century of Technological and Social Developments |
| Expo 1965 Munich |
25 June – 3 October 1965 | 50.20 | 2,500,000 | 31 | Transport |
| Expo 1968 San Antonio |
6 April – 6 October 1968 | 39 | 6,384,482 | 23 | The confluence of civilizations in the Americas |
 Expo 1971 Budapest |
27 August – 30 September 1971 | 35 | 1,900,000 | 35 | The Hunt through the World |
| Expo 1974 Spokane |
4 May – 2 November 1974 | 40 | 5,600,000 | 56 | Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment |
| Expo 1975 Okinawa |
20 July 1975 – 18 January 1976 | 100 | 3,485,750 | 35 | The Sea We would like to See |
 Expo 1976 Plovdiv |
14 June – 12 July 1981 | 51 | N/A | 70 | Earth – Planet of Life |
| Expo 1982 Knoxville |
1 May – 31 October 1982 | 29 | 11,127,780 | 16 | Energy turns the World |
| Expo 1984 New Orleans |
12 May – 11 November 1984 | 34 | 7,335,000 | 15 | The World of rivers – Fresh Water as a source of life |
| Expo 1985 Tsukuba |
17 March – 16 September 1985 | 100 | 20,334,727 | 48 | Dwellings and surroundings – Science and Technology for Man at Home |
| Expo 1985 Plovdiv |
4–30 November 1985 | 5.80 | 1,000,000 | 54 | Inventions |
| Expo 1986 Vancouver |
2 May – 13 October 1986 | 70 | 22,111,578 | 55 | Transportation and Communication: World in Motion – World in Touch |
 Expo 1988 Brisbane |
30 April – 30 October 1988 | 40 | 18,560,447 | 36 | Leisure in the age of Technology |
 Expo 1991 Plovdiv |
7 June – 7 July 1991 | N/A | N/A | 9 | The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace |
| Expo 1992 Genoa |
15 May – 15 August 1992 | 6 | 817,045 | 52 | Christopher Colombus: The Ship and the Sea |
 Expo 1993 Daejeon |
7 August – 7 November 1993 | 90.10 | 14,005,808 | 141 | The Challenge of a New Road of Development |
 Expo 1998 Lisbon |
22 May – 30 September 1998 | 50 | 10,128,204 | 160 | The Oceans: a heritage for the Future |
| Expo 2008 Zaragoza |
14 June – 14 September 2008 | 25 | 5,650,943 | 108 | Water and sustainable development |
 Expo 2012 Yeosu |
14 May – 12 August 2012 | 25 | 8,203,956 | 103 | The living ocean and coast |
 Expo 2017 Astana |
10 June – 10 September 2017 | 35 | 3,977,545 | 137 | Future Energy |
 Expo 2027 Belgrade |
15 May – 15 August 2027 | 25 | Play for Humanity – Sport and Music for All |
| Name of exposition | Dates | Area | Visitors | Participants | Theme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Expo 1960 Rotterdam |
25 March – 25 September 1936 | 50 | 4,000,000 | N/A | International Horticulture |
| Expo 1963 Hamburg |
26 April – 13 October 1963 | 76 | 5,400,000 | 35 | Horticulture of all Categories from the Point of View of Economics and Culture |
 Expo 1964 Vienna |
16 April – 11 October 1964 | 100 | 2,100,000 | 28 | International Horticulture |
 Expo 1969 Paris |
23 April – 5 October 1969 | 28 | 2,400,000 | 17 | Flowers of France and Flowers of the World |
| Expo 1972 Amsterdam |
26 March – 1 October 1972 | 75 | 4,300,000 | N/A | Efforts accomplished by International Horticulture |
| Expo 1973 Hamburg |
27 April – 7 October 1973 | 76 | 5,800,000 | 50 | International Horticulture |
| Expo 1974 Vienna |
18 April – 14 October 1974 | 100 | 2,600,000 | 30 | International Horticulture |
| Expo 1980 Montreal |
17 May – 1 September 1980 | 40 | N/A | 23 | Relationship between man's socio-cultural activities and his physical environment |
| Expo 1982 Amsterdam |
8 April – 10 October 1982 | 50 | 4,600,000 | 17 | International Horticulture |
| Expo 1983 Munich |
28 April – 9 October 1983 | 72 | 11,600,000 | 23 | International Horticulture |
| Expo 1984 Liverpool |
2 May – 14 October 1984 | 95 | 3,380,000 | 29 | The progress accomplished by International and National Horticulture |
| Expo 1990 Osaka |
1 April – 30 September 1990 | 140 | 23,126,934 | 83 | The Harmonious Coexistence of Nature and Mankind |
| Expo 1992 Zoetermeer |
10 April – 12 October 1992 | 68 | 3,355,600 | 23 | Horticulture is being involved in a continuous process of renewal |
| Expo 1993 Stuttgart |
23 April – 17 October 1993 | 64 | 7,311,000 | 40 | City and Nature – Responsible Approach |
| Expo 1999 Kunming |
1 May – 31 October 1999 | 218 | 9,427,000 | 70 | Man and Nature – Marching into the 21st century |
| Expo 2002 Haarlemmermeer |
25 April – 20 October 2002 | 140 | 2,071,000 | 30 | The contribution of the Netherlands horticulture and international horticulture |
| Expo 2003 Rostock |
25 April – 12 October 2003 | 100 | 2,600,000 | 32 | A Seaside Park. A new flowered world |
 Expo 2006 Chiang Mai |
1 November 2006 – 31 January 2007 | 80 | 3,848,791 | 32 | To Express the Love for Humanity |
| Expo 2012 Venlo |
5 April – 7 October 2012 | 66 | 2,046,684 | 38 | Be part of the theatre in nature; get closer to the quality of life |
 Expo 2016 Antalya |
23 April – 30 October 2016 | 112 | 4,693,571 | 54 | Flowers and Children |
| Expo 2019 Beijing |
29 April – 7 October 2019 | 503 | 9,340,000 | 110 | Live Green, Live Better |
| Expo 2022 Amsterdam – Almere |
14 April – 9 October 2022 | 60 | 685,189 | 32 | Growing Green Cities |
 Expo 2023 Doha |
2 October 2023 – 28 March 2024 | 80 | N/A | N/A | Green Desert, Better Environment |
| Expo 2027 Yokohama |
19 March – 26 September 2027 | 80 | Scenery of the Future for Happiness | ||
| Expo 2029 Nakhon Ratchasima |
10 November 2029 – 28 February 2030 | 80 | Nature and Greenery: Envisioning the Green Future |
Most of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes, except for landmark towers. By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower, built for the Exposition Universelle (1889). Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris, there were contemporary critics opposed to its construction, and demands for it to be dismantled after the fair's conclusion.[21]
Other structures that remain from these fairs:
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Some world's fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as:
Some pavilions have been transported overseas intact:
The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium: the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré[33] ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium: the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier.
Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including "It's a Small World", and "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln", as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation.[34] The concept of a permanent world's fair came to fruition with the Disney Epcot theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, near Orlando, Florida. Epcot has many characteristics of a typical universal exposition: national pavilions and exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions that were relocated to Disneyland have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort.
Occasionally other mementos of the fairs remain. In the New York City Subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park remain from the 1964–1965 event. In the Montreal Metro subway at least one tile artwork of its theme, "Man and His World", remains. Also, a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found, and in the United States, at least, often turn up at garage or estate sales. Many fairs and expos produced postage stamps and commemorative coins.
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