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"Two Establishes" (两个确立) and "Two Upholds" (两个维护)[1] are two political slogans established by the Chinese Communist Party to reinforce general secretary Xi Jinping's rule.[2][3]
"Two Establishes"[1] was put forward by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2021. It says:[2][4][5]
"Two Upholds"[1] was put forward by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in September 2018. It says:[6][7][5]
- "Resolutely upholds General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core status as the core of the Party Central Committee and the entire Party."[c]
- "Resolutely upholds the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee."[d]
On January 31, 2019, the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Strengthening the Political Construction of the Party were released, and the liner notes once again refer to the need to resolutely follow the "Two Upholds".[8][9] In August 2021, the CCP party magazine Qiushi published an article entitled "Resolutely Doing the Two Maintenance", emphasizing that "General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the core of the whole party and the leader of the people, has the support of all people, and we support him wholeheartedly. Resolutely doing the 'two safeguards' is a solid foundation for adhering to, developing and perfecting the new political party system."[10]
The 20th National Congress of the CCP in 2022 passed an amendment to write the "Two Upholds" into the CCP constitution.[11][12][13]
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