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Tripartite symbiosis is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom symbiosis.
Fungus-growing ants
Ants of Attini cultivate fungi. Microfungi, specialized to be parasites of the fungus gardens, coevolved with them.[1]
Allomerus-Hirtella-Trimmatostroma
Allomerus decemarticulatus ants use Trimmatostroma sp. to create structures within Hirtella physophora.[2][3] The fungi are connected endophytically and actively transfer nitrogen.[4]
The mycobiont in a lichen can form a relationship with both cyanobacteria and green algae as photobionts concurrently.[5][6][7]
Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixating bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes. Sometimes, this is aided by the presence of a fungal species.[8] This is most effective in undistributed soil.[9] The presence of mycorrhizae can improve the rhizobial-liquorice nutrient transfer in droughts.[10] Soybeans in particular can improve their ability to withstand soil salinity with the presence of both rhizobium and mycorrhizae.[11]
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