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Trentepohlia (alga)
Genus of algae From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.[2] The filaments of Trentepohlia often have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll.
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Nomenclature
Organisms belonging to the genus Trentepohlia were first described by Linnaeus in 1759; he named his species Byssus aureus (currently known as Trentepohlia aurea).[3] The genus was circumscribed by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Fl. Crypt. Erlang. on page 351 in 1817. The genus name of Trentepohlia is in honour of Johann Friedrich Trentepohl (1748–1806), who was a German clergyman and botanist. He worked as a lecturer and Pastor in various places in Wesermarsch.[4] Martius' name was conserved in favor of the moss genus Trentepohlia and the Brassicaceae genus Trentepohlia both published by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth; the names were published earlier, in 1794 and 1800 respectively.[5]
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Description
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Trentepohlia is consists of branched filaments of cells; the filament occurs in two systems, a prostrate and an erect system. Both prostrate and erect systems are variously branched; the branching is typically alternate or irregular, rarely opposite. Occasionally, the erect system of filaments may be reduced. The ends of filaments may be somewhat attenuated, and end in a cellulose cap or a cylindrical, unicellular hair.[6] Cells are cylindrical, barrel-shaped or spherical, one to five times longer than broad, with thin or thick and lamellate cell walls. Within each cell there are multiple, discoid chloroplasts or a single band-shaped chloroplast; chloroplasts lack pyrenoids. The chloroplast is typically obscured by carotenoid pigments, giving the cells an orange or red color.[6]
Reproduction
The life cycle of Trentepohlia is poorly known.[3] It is known to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction is via zoospores, which are quadriflagellate and produced in terminal sporangia. Sexual reproduction is by biflagellate gametes which are produced in spherical or urn-shaped gametangia. The gametangia are located either at the ends of filaments (terminal) or in at the sides or middle of filaments (lateral, intercalary).[6]
Trentepohlia is generally hypothesized to undergo an alternation of generations. In this scheme, it alternates between haploid gametophytes which produce biflagellate isogamous gametes, and diploid sporophytes which undergo meiosis to form quadriflagellate zoospores. However, it has also been reported that biflagellate gametes are able to germinate into new organisms without fusing sexually.[3]
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Habitat and ecology
Trentepohlia is a subaerial alga, and is commonly found in humid climates. It typically occurs on moist rocks, wood, tree trunks, and leaves. It is easily distinguished due to the orange, felt-like growths.[6] Patches of Trentepohlia often obscure posts and inscriptions; this is an economic nuisance as it becomes necessary to paint over them.[3]
Trentepohlia species form close associations with fungal hyphae, and can form what is known as a "protolichen".[6] They are widespread true phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera Graphis, Graphina, Gyalecta and Opegrapha.[7][8] With global warming, European lichens with Trentepohlia as phycobionts have increased in recent decades. [9]
Diversity
There are about 40 species of Trentepohlia mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas[10] but several species also occur in temperate environments including Britain and Ireland.[11] The genus is present in almost all continents.[12]
Gallery
Trentepohlia aurea, Tauberland, Germany
Trentepohlia aurea var. polycarpa grows prolifically on Monterey Cypress trees at Point Lobos, California
Illustration
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References
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