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In international law, a treaty body (or treaty-based body) is an internationally established body of independent experts that monitor how States party to a particular international legal instrument are implementing their obligations under it.
The International Law Commission defines an "expert treaty body" as:
"a body consisting of experts serving in their personal capacity, which is established under a treaty and is not an organ of an international organization."[1]
A research guide published by the UN library lists key characteristics of human rights treaty-based bodies:[2]
- They "derive their existence from provisions contained in a specific legal instrument",
- They hold more narrow mandates, being often limited to the set of powers codified in the treaty establishing them,
- The audiences that treaty bodies address are limited to countries having ratified the legal instrument (as opposed to UN agencies which enjoy a quasi-universal audience),
- Their decision-making often involves consensus.
Notably, the experts conforming treaty bodies usually serve in their personal capacity (i.e., not representing their country). Treaty bodies are distinct from "international organizations" as such, like United Nations agencies, programs, or other sui generis international organizations.
There are a number of treaty bodies, in particular in relation with international human rights law.[3][4] However, there are also treaty bodies related to non-human rights instruments such as the UPOV or the INCB.[5] The mandates of treaty bodies is generally defined in the treaty that establishes them,[6] and sometimes by General Assembly decisions or resolutions. Treaty bodies sometimes perform additional functions than the sole monitoring of treaty compliance.[7]
| Treaty body | Treaty | Date of creation | Headquarter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Committee Against Torture | United Nations Convention against Torture | 1987 | Geneva |
| Human Rights Committee (CCPR) | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | 1977 | Geneva |
| International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) | 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs | 1968 | Vienna |
| 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances | |||
| 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances | |||
| International Whaling Commission (IWC) | International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling | 1946 | Impington |
| Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity | Convention on Biological Diversity | 1992 | Montreal |
| Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety | |||
| Nagoya Protocol on Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing | |||
| International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) | International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants | 1968 | Geneva |
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