Traianus Mucianus

Traianus Mucianus was a Roman soldier of Thracian origins of the second half of the Third Century AD who rose from the lowest ranks of the army to senior commands. He was almost certainly a remarkable soldier. However, the successive promotions he secured in the latter part of his career are thought to owe much also to the favour shown him by men highly placed in the Imperial entourage whose patronage secured him advantageous postings in the Imperial comitatus, the mobile field force under the direct command of the Emperor, that was undergoing massive expansion at this time.

It seems likely that Mucianus's recorded career was passed entirely in military service. However, information relating to his later life is so fragmentary that it is not possible to be certain of this. The evidence can be construed as to read that, after achieving equestrian status (see Roman equestrian order), he was from time to time given gubernatorial postings in his home-province of Thracia and elsewhere.

Ancient sources

The Mucianus Inscription

There are no surviving references to Mucianus in contemporary literary sources in either the Latin or the Greek traditions. The only evidence for the details of his career – or, indeed, for his very existence – consists of a single epigraphic inscription in Greek on a monument set up in his honour discovered on the site of Augusta Traiana.^{[lower-alpha 1]} This document is dated to the years 268-85 AD,^[1] perhaps towards the end of that period^[2]

The inscription is badly damaged while the surviving text has many lacunae whose possible reconstruction is sometimes disputed by commentators. Furthermore, some sections of the text, particularly in the latter part, are so badly damaged as to make their reconstruction largely speculative^[3]

Nevertheless, accepting these drawbacks, the Mucianus Inscription is considered by some to give an unusually complete record of the career of a senior officer at a time when the Roman Army was undergoing profound organisational changes. His elevation to the centurionate, and his rise through that body to equestrian status and, hence, the higher levels of command, is thought to be particularly informative of the experiences of officers fortunate enough to have made their careers in the expanded Imperial field army.^[4] However, other scholars query how much light the evidence of the inscription actually sheds on the structure of officers' careers in general terms as opposed to the specific instance of Mucianus.^[5]

The Aurelianic Inscriptions

The interpretation of the Mucianus Inscription is assisted by evidence of two other inscribed monuments honouring two high-ranking officers of Thracian origin thought to be brothers, (Marcus) Aurelius Heraclianus^[6] and (Marcus) Aurelius Apollinarius.^[7][8] Both of these memorials, like that to Mucianus himself, were discovered at the site of Augusta Traiana.

It is generally accepted that Traianus Mucianus was the dedicator of both the Aurelianic monuments and that he set them up to express his gratitude to the brothers for the influence they had exercised - presumably with the Emperor (Gallienus) - to the benefit of his career.^[1][9] The particular benefit referred to is discussed below - see item 5.

Origins

Mucianus's date of birth is not known. Like his presumed patrons, the Brothers Aurelii (see above) he was probably born in Augusta Traiana.^[1] Nothing is known of his family or their social circumstances.

Career

The text of the Mucianus Inscription - so far as it survives – lists the appointments he held and, often, the rank at which he held them. The Greek gives the equivalents in that language of the Latin terms that would have been used by the Roman Army. These last are listed below insofar as they can be read or deduced from the inscription.

... In the ranks ...

1. MILES, COH. I CONCORD... - i.e. served as an infantryman in a cohort of auxiliary infantry, Cohors I Concord...;^{[lower-alpha 2]}

2. LEGIONARIUS, LEGIO II PARTHICA - served as a legionary (infantryman) in Legio II Parthica:

3. EQUES, COH. VII PRAETORIAE - served as a cavalryman in Cohors VII, Praetorian Guard;

4. EVOCATUS - had served out his time in Coh. VII of the Praetorians and had made a sufficiently favourable impression to be then invited to re-enlist^{[lower-alpha 3]}.

... in the centurionate ...

5. CENTURIO, LEGIO XIII GEMINA, PROTECTOR - promotion to the rank of Centurion in Legio XIII Gemina, with the additional title of Protector (Augusti Nostri) (i.e. designating him a member of Gallienus's newly created Imperial Bodyguard)^{[lower-alpha 4]}

6. CENTURIO PROTECTOR VIGILUM; CENTURIO PROTECTOR URBANICIANUS, CENTURIO PROTECTOR COH. V PRAETORII - indicates three successive postings as a Centurio Protector, in: (i) the Vigiles; (ii) the Urbaniciani (i.e. the Cohortes Urbanae); and (iii) Coh. V, Praetorian Guard;^{[lower-alpha 5]}

7. PRINCEPS PROTECT(ORUM) - appointment as the Principal Officer of the Centuriones Protectores;^{[lower-alpha 6]}

... Equestrian appointments ...

From this point on the listing of Mucianus's postings is based on reconstructions of the damaged inscription text which are often disputed;^[3]

8. PRIMIPILARIUS, PROTECTOR/E PROTECTORE(?) - becomes a Primipilarius.^{[lower-alpha 7]} During this time Mucianus was either still a member of the protectores^[1][4] or e protectore (i.e. 'formerly a Protector')^[3]

9. PRAEFECTUS (CASTRORUM?), LEGIO IIII FLAVIA - appointment as Praefectus Castrorum(?)^{[lower-alpha 8]} in Legio IIII Flavia Felix;

10. DUX/PRAEFECTUS CASTRORUM(?), LEGIO IIII FLAVIA ET LEGIO VII CLAUDIA - he was appointed either Commander (Dux)^{[3][lower-alpha 9]} or Camp Prefect^[1] of a composite force comprising Legio IIII Flavia Felix and Legio VII Claudia or detachments of these legions;

11. TRIBUNUS(?) LIBURNARIORUM - appointment as a Commander, Fleet Marines, with a rank equivalent to that of a cohort tribune in the Vigiles, the Urbaniciani or the Praetorians;^{[lower-alpha 10]}

12. Commands involving PEDITES ET EQUITES MAUROS ET OSROENOS and EXPLORATORES - the text is massively corrupted, but may have indicated that Mucianus served with a mixed infantry/cavalry formation attached to the Imperial entourage with scouting responsibilities^{[1][lower-alpha 11]} The term Exploratores usually denoted 'spies' or 'scouts';^[12]

13. DUCENARIUS, PRAEFECTUS … - Mucianus was in Mesopotamia for this posting^[3] almost certainly after the reimposition of Roman authority in that province following Aurelian's suppression of Zenobia of Palmyra. The text describing his rank/function is irredeemably corrupt, but one authority suggests that the use of the terms Ducenarius and Praefectus may indicate that he was the Prefect of Mesopotamia^{[lower-alpha 12]} with the rank of Ducenarius ^{[lower-alpha 13][13]} However, other commentators either evade the issue.^[3] or imply that Mucianus was exercising a purely military function – perhaps commanding an (unidentified) legion as a Praefectus Legionis agens vices legati^{[lower-alpha 14] [1]}

14. PRAEFECTUS (AGENS VICE LEGATI)(?), LEGIO XIII GEMINA - Equestrian commander of Leg. XIII Gemina. Mesopotamia has been suggested as the location.^[1] A date as late as 280 AD has been suggested;^[2]

15. DUX(?), EQUITES MAURI ET OSROENI - posting as a Commander (Dux)^{[lower-alpha 15]} of a composite force of Moorish and Osroene Cavalry;

16. PRAEFECTUS (AGENS VICE LEGATI?), LEGIO II TRAIANA - Equestrian commander of Legio II Traiana Fortis. It is conjectured that Mucianus exercised this command in Egypt;^[3]

17. DUX(?), LEGIO IIII FLAVIA ET LEGIO II ... - posting as the commander of a composite force comprising Legio IiII Flavia and one of the legions enumerated II or substantial detachments of these formations^{[lower-alpha 16]}Where Mucianus exercised this command is unknown. However, it is possible that the legion was engaged in one of the wars with Persia undertaken at this time - again see Legio IIII Flavia Felix. Alternatively, this command could have been exercised in Thracia - see below;

18. Posting in Thracia, possibly as governor^{[lower-alpha 17]}

Finale

The surviving inscription ends at this point and there is no further information relating to Mucianus's career. However, it is assumed that he was in Thracia when his memorial was erected. It is possible that he was then governor of the province,^[3] but a military command as a Dux is also possible.^[1] The inscription can be read either way, but the weight of modern commentary favours Dux^[4]

It was at one time thought that Mucianus might be identified with the Aurelius Mucianus, who was Praeses (i.e. governor of equestrian rank)^{[lower-alpha 18]} of the province of Raetia (coincides roughly with Switzerland) under Diocletian. Recent commentators have either specifically rejected this notion^[1] or ignored it.^[3]

Notes

1. The Mucianus Monument is preserved in the Sophia Museum - Cat. 3578.
2. Coh. I Concord... might refer either to a Cohors I Concord(ensium) or Cohors I Concord(ia Severiana), both of which were Severan creations^[1]
3. See Evocati Augusti
4. Mucianus's appointment as a centurio protector is attributed to the influence of Aurelius Heraclianus who became Praetorian Prefect in 267 AD - see above. His membership of the Protectores Augusti Nostri indicates that Leg. XIII Gemina (or the detachment of that legion to which he was posted) was attached to the field army commanded directly by the Emperor, i.e. the comitatus. It is likely that the posting was served during Gallienus's campaigns in the Balkans against the barbarian Heruli and then in Italy against the rebel general Aureolus.^[4]
5. Mucianus's postings in the Vigiles and the Urbaniciani are thought to have been notional only (hence the absence of a cohort designation in these cases) being intended to fulfill the procedural requirements for his substantive third appointment to the Praetorian centurionate in a designated cohort.^[4]
6. This office is otherwise unknown. It may have been equivalent in rank to a legionary Primus Pilus.^[4]
7. The term primipilarius designates an equestrian rank which was achieved by an army officer who had previously held office as a primus pilus and had served a year in that capacity. The rank had no substantive military or civil function.^[5]
8. The inscription text reads only Praefectus which might indicate that the appointment was as equestrian commander of Leg. IIII (i.e. Praefectus Legionis Agens Vice Legati - see item 14). However, the reading Praefectus Castrorum is generally preferred as this was the next substantive military appointment for an officer of primipilarius rank^[1][5]
9. The term Dux at this time denoted the commander of a composite force made up of more than one legion or vexillationes (i.e. detachments) drawn from more than one legion) with an ad hoc mandate not necessarily restricted to a specific province. Such an officer probably ranked above a legionary commander whose commission would usually be restricted to a single province^[10] Mucianus had yet to achieve a legionary command.
10. It is conjectured that this was, again, a notional appointment, this time in one the Praetorian fleets based at Misenum or Ravenna contrived t o give Mucianus the seniority he needed for his next substantive appointment^[1]
11. A formation recruited from the Mauri and Osroeni peoples (see Mauritania and Osroene) may have been attached to the Imperial Household at this time^[1][11]
12. As in the case of Egypt, the governor of the Roman province of Mesopotamia was an equestrian with the title of "praefectus".
13. See Roman equestrian order for discussion of the term Ducenarius
14. The title/rank Praefectus Legionis Agens Vice Legati is discussed in the article on Publius Aelius Aelianus
15. The rank is uncertain, but must have been at least equivalent to that Mucianus held as the commander of Leg. XIII - see item 14.
16. The identity of the second legion is uncertain. Legio II Adiutrix has been tentatively suggested^[1]
17. While the surviving text does seem to indicate that he was in Thracia that he was there as governor is a conjectural reconstruction.^[3] However, most recent commentators doubt that the inscription gives any support to the notion that Mucianus ever exercised a non-military office.^[1])
18. After the Diocletianic administrative reforms the old formula used to indicate a praeses was of equestrian status – i.e. agens vice praesidis (AVP) – became otiose. All praesides were by then equestrians.

Secondary sources cited

1. Mihailov, Georgi (1966). Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae (IGBR) 3.2.1570 (Augusta Traiana, Stara Zagora, Thrace) (in Latin). Sophia.
2. Nagy, T. (1965). "Commanders of Legions in the age of Gallienus". Acta Archeologica Hungarica. XVII: 290–307.
3. Jones, A.H.M.; Martindale, J.R.; Morris, J. (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol i, 5 'Traianus Mucianus'. Cambridge University Press.
4. Christol, Michel (1977). "La carrière de Traianus Mucianus et l'origine des protectores". Chiron. 7: 393–408.
5. Dobson, B. The significance of the Centurion and the Primipilaris in the Roman Army and Administration. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. Vol. 1. pp. 392–434.
6. IGBR 3 2, 1568
7. IGBR 3 2, 1569.
8. Christol, Michel (1977). "Une Carrière équestre sous la règne de l'empereur Gallien". Latomus. 35: 866–874..
9. Bersanetti, G.M. (1942). "Eracliano, Prefetto del Pretorio di Gallieno". Epigraphica, IV: 169–176.
10. Smith, R.E. (1979). Smallwood, Mary E. (ed.). "Dux, Praepositus". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 36: 263–278. JSTOR 20185810.
11. Birley, E. (1969). Septimius Severus and the Roman Army, Epigraphische Studien 8. Bonn. pp. 63–82.
12. Austin, N.J.E.; N.B.R. Rankov (1995). Exploratio. London & New York: Routledge.
13. Williams, S. (1997). Diocletian and the Roman recovery. London and New York: Routledge. p. 26.