Timeline of Kaliningrad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.
Era of Teutonic Order
- 1255 – Fortress built by Teutonic Knights during Prussian Crusade, on the basis of a Prussian settlement Twangste.
- 1256 – Settlement formed north of the fortress.
- 1262 – Prussians begin to besiege castle during the Great Prussian Uprising.
- 1264 – Settlement developed south of the castle.
- 1286 – Königsberg chartered.[1]
- 1300 – Town of Löbenicht built.[2]
- 1324 – Town of Kneiphof founded.[2]
- 1333 - Construction of Königsberg Cathedral begins.[1]
- 1340 – Königsberg joins Hanseatic League.[1]
- 1377 – Köttelbrücke (bridge) built.[3]
- 1379 (or 1397) – Schmiedebrücke (bridge) built.[4]
- 1380 – Cathedral built in Kneiphof (approximate date).
- 1387 – Kneiphof Town Hall renovated.
15th century
- 1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
- 1454
- March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.[5]
- March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.[6]
- March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.[7]
- April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.[8]
- 1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
- 1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
- 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[3]
- 1465 – Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.[9]
- 1466 – Second Treaty of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[10]
16th century
- 1519–21 – Polish-Teutonic War. The city opposed the Teutonic Knights' war against Poland and demanded peace.[11]
- 1520 – Mikolaj Firlej lays siege to the town[citation needed]
- 1521–24 – Secularization of the Teutonic Order
- 1523 – Printing press in operation.[12]
- 1525 – Treaty of Kraków: Königsberg/Królewiec becomes the capital of the Duchy of Prussia, Albert becomes first Duke of Prussia[1] as a vassal of Poland.[8] Treaty confirmed by city representatives.[13]
- 1529 – Castle Library established
- 1542 – Pedagogium founded by Albert Hohenzollern in Kneiphof
- 1544 – Albertina University (Lutheran) founded by Albert, Duke of Prussia.[2][1][8]
- 1545 – Oldest Polish catechism published by Jan Seklucjan.[14]
- 1547 – Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas published.
- 1550 – Population: 14,000.[11]
- 1553 – Oldest Polish translation of the New Testament, by Stanisław Murzynowski, published.
- 1560 – 28 March: King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland confers university privileges on the Albertina University,[8] on a par with the Jagiellonian University.[citation needed]
- 1561 – First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot.[15]
- 1566
- Duke Albert attempted to introduce absolutist rule in violation of the Treaty of Kraków.[13]
- August–October: Stay and intervention of Polish Royal commissioners, restoration of the previous legal order.[13]
- 4 October: Decree expanding the rights of Polish rulers and of the nobility and cities in the duchy.[13]
- 22 October: Decree settling the city's conflict with Duke Albert, instituted by Polish Royal commissioners.[16]
- 1568 – March: Albert Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
- 1577 – City opposes the regency of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.[16]
- 1579 – Renewed city resistance to the regency of George Frederick. The city supports the nobility's request to the Polish King to send a Polish Royal Commission to the city.[16]
- 1580 – Arrival of George Frederick to establish his rule.[16]
- 1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated
17th century
- 1616
- A Catholic church erected by order of King Sigismund III Vasa and the bishop of Warmia Szymon Rudnicki. It hosted Polish, German and Lithuanian services.[17]
- First German Reformed service held.[18]
- 1618 – Duchy of Prussia passes under control of Electors of Brandenburg, August: John Sigismund becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1619 – December: George William becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1626 – City walls built.[19]
- 1629
- 1632 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland supports the city in its dispute with Duke George William.[20]
- 1635
- January: Agreement between the King of Poland and the city, granting the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible Swedish attack in exchange for exemption from taxes.[20]
- July: Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[21]
- July: Jerzy Ossoliński appointed the Polish governor of the duchy by King Władysław IV Vasa.[21]
- Jerzy Ossoliński completes the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.[21]
- 1636 – Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.[21]
- 1640 – December: Frederick William becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1645 – The King of Poland allowed the Reformed community to hold services in the castle.[18]
- 1646 – Reformed congregation founded with its consistory composed of three Englishmen, two Dutchmen, two Germans, and one Scot.[18]
- 1647 – Neurossgarten Church dedicated
- 1649 – Full religious freedom granted to the Reformed community by the Polish King.[18]
- 1655 – First Polish Reformed Church service at the Königsberg Castle.[22]
- 1657
- Brandenburg Gate built.
- Fort Friedrichsburg under construction[2]
- City opposes the rule of Elector Frederick William, and sides with Poland.
- 1658 – Reformed school founded.[18]
- 1662
- City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.[23]
- 8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.[23]
- 27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.[23]
- 30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.[24]
- 1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.[25]
- 1686 – French Huguenot community and congregation founded.[26]
- 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
18th century
- 1701
- 18 January: Coronation of Frederick I of Prussia in the Schlosskirche.[19]
- Capital of Duchy of Prussia relocated from Königsberg to Berlin.
- 1706 – Polish Reformed congregation relocated from the Reformed school to the Reformed church.[22]
- 1709 – Plague.[19]
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- 1718
- City Library opens.[27]
- Poczta Królewiecka Polish-language newspaper begins publication (ceased in 1720).
- 1724
- 22 April: Birth of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.[1]
- June: City of Königsberg expanded by uniting Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht.[1]
- Königsberg City Archive is located in the Town Hall (approximate date).
- 1734 – 8 August: Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński stops in the city.[28]
- 1735 – Math problem "Seven Bridges of Königsberg" presented.
- 1736
- 26 January: Stanisław Leszczyński signed an act of renunciation of the Polish crown in the city.[29]
- 27 March: Stanisław Leszczyński left the city for France on March 27, 1736.[29]
- 29 July: Rococo French Reformed Church inaugurated.[30]
- 1740 – French Reformed preachers houses built.[26][30]
- 1756 – Synagogue built.
- 1758
- 1764 – Russian occupation ends.[32]
- 1765 – Gumbinnen Gate built.
- 1780 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel becomes mayor.
- 1787 – French Reformed secondary school founded.[26][30]
- 1790 – Königshalle built.
19th century
- 1804 – 12 February: Death of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.[1]
- 1806 – Last Polish Reformed service held.[22]
- 1807
- French in power.[19]
- Members of the French congregation persuaded Napoleon to reduce war contributions from 20 to 12 million francs.[26]
- Reformed Castle Church and French Reformed Church used as a military hospitals.[22][30]
- 1809 – Paradeplatz city garden established.
- 1810 – August Wilhelm Heidemann becomes mayor.
- 1812 – School of church music founded.[citation needed]
- 1813 – Koenigsberg Observatory built.
- 1814 – Carl Friedrich Horn becomes mayor.
- 1825 – French Reformed secondary school closed.[26][30]
- 1826 – Johann Friedrich List becomes mayor.
- 1828 – Royal and University Library formed.[27]
- 1830 – Population: 54,000.[2]
- 1831 – Polish poet Wincenty Pol interned in the city following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising. He wrote his first poems there.[33]
- 1832 – French Reformed elementary school closed.[26][30]
- 1833 – University's Department of Chemistry opens in Neurossgarten.[citation needed]
- 1838 – Rudolf von Auerswald becomes mayor.
- 1843 – Polish Reformed Congregation dissolved.[22]
- 1845
- Union Giesserei foundry in business.
- New Altstadt Church dedicated.
- Art academy opens.[34]
- 1851 – Grolman Bastion built.
- 1855
- Sailing Club founded.
- Rossgarten Gate rebuilt.
- 1856 – Königsberg Cathedral restored.[1]
- 1858 – Dohna Tower built.
- 1860 – Astronomic Bastion built.
- 1861
- 18 October: Coronation of William I, German Emperor, in the Schlosskirche.
- Albertina University new campus dedicated.
- 1863–1864 – Arms trafficking for Polish insurgents during the January Uprising in the Russian Partition of Poland, co-organized by Wojciech Kętrzyński.[35]
- 1867 – Population: 101,507.[36]
- 1875
- Johann Karl Adolf Selke becomes mayor.
- Königsberg Stock Exchange built in Vorstadt.[37]
- 1878 – Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) in publication.[38]
- 1880
- Bronsart Fort built.
- Population: 140,800.[1]
- 1883 – High Bridge rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1886 – Siemering Museum established.[39]
- 1889 – Eisenbahnbrücke (bridge) opens.[citation needed]
- 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
- 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
- 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
- 1896 – Zoo founded.
- 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
- 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[40]
- 1900
- Football Club Königsberg formed.
- Population: 187,897.[32]
20th century
1900-1945
- 1901
- Queen Louise Memorial Church and Pillau-Königsberg canal built.[41][42]
- Königsberger Volkszeitung (newspaper) in publication.[43]
- 1903 – Siegfried Körte becomes mayor.
- 1905 - Population: 219,862.[1]
- 1906 – Bismarck tower built near city.
- 1907 – Church of the Holy Family built.
- 1912 – Stadthalle opens.
- 1913
- New Tragheim Church dedicated.
- Kunsthalle Königsberg (art gallery) opens.
- 1914 – City bombed by Russian forces.[44]
- 1919
- Hans Lohmeyer becomes mayor.
- City becomes part of the German Reich.
- Population: 260,895.[45]
- 1920 – 24 April: Consulate of Poland opened.[46]
- 1921 – Königsberg Devau Airport opens.
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- 1927 – City Hall relocated to Hansaplatz.
- 1928 – Königsberg City Museum opens.
- 1929 – Central railway terminal opens.
- 1931 – Last Polish book in the pre-1945 city published.[14]
- 1933 – Hellmuth Will becomes mayor.
- 1934 – Hansaplatz renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz.
- 1939
- Lasch Bunker built in Paradeplatz.
- Population: 368,433.[44]
- 25 August: The local Gestapo issued an arrest warrant for all Polish teachers in the region.[47]
- August–September: Persecution of Poles, incl. mass arrests of Polish students and arrests of local Polish consul Jerzy Warchełowski and attaché Witold Winiarski.[48]
- October: The Germans established a forced labour camp for Romani people.[49]
- 1941 – 1 September: Aerial bombing by Soviet forces begins.
- 1942 – 24 June: The Nazi SS sends the first deportation of Jews from Königsberg and the province of East Prussia to extermination camps.[50]
- 1944
- August: Aerial bombing by British forces; city extensively damaged.
- 19 August: The Germans established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, in which around 500 Jews were subjected to forced labour.[51]
- 1945
- January: Subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp dissolved.[51]
- January: Battle of Königsberg begins.
- February: Metgethen massacre.
- 9 April: Battle of Königsberg ends; Soviets in power.[44]
1946-1990s
- 1946
- April: City becomes part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, per Potsdam Agreement.[52]
- City renamed Kaliningrad after Bolshevik Mikhail Kalinin.
- City becomes seat of the newly formed Kaliningrad Oblast.
- Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts founded.
- Kaliningradskaya Pravda newspaper begins publication.[38]
- 1947 – Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theatre established.
- 1954 – Pishchevik Kaliningrad football club formed.
- 1956 – Population: 188,000.
- 1960 – Theatre on Mira Avenue rebuilt.
- 1965 - Population: 253,000.[53]
- 1967
- Kaliningrad State University active.
- French Reformed Church demolished.[26]
- 1979
- Khrabrovo Airport terminal built.
- Kaliningrad Amber Museum opens.
- 1985 - Population: 385,000.[54]
- 1988 – Kaliningrad State Art Gallery established.[55]
- 1989 – Population: 401,280; oblast 871,283.
- 1990
- 1994 – Kaliningrad State Technical University active.
- 1996 – Leonid Gorbenko becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.[59]
- 1998 – The Voice from the Pregel Polish-language magazine in publication.
21st century
- 2001 – Vladimir Yegorov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2005
- July: 750th anniversary of city founding.[60]
- Kaiser Bridge reconstructed (approximate date).[citation needed]
- Georgy Boos becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2007
- Alexander Jaroschuk becomes mayor.[61]
- Khrabrovo Airport new terminal opens.[62]
- 2008 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour consecrated.
- 2010
- 30 January: Protest against governor Georgy Boos.[63]
- Population: 431,500;[64] oblast 941,873.
- Nikolay Tsukanov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2012 – Poland-Russia border near Kaliningrad Oblast opens.[65]
See also
- History of Kaliningrad
- Königsberg
- List of monarchs of Prussia, 1525-1701
- Timelines of other cities in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia: Pskov, St. Petersburg
References
Bibliography
External links
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