Timeline of Groningen

The following is a timeline of the history of the Netherlands' municipality of Groningen.

48 CE: Roman camp established.^[1]
800: Martin's Church built (approximate date).^[2]
1040: "Villa Cruoninga" ("Groningen") mentioned.^[3]
13th century: Reitdiep canal dug
c. 1220: Martin's Church rebuilt in brick^[2]
1255: City wall built^[4]
1284: Groningen joins the Hanseatic League^[1]
c. 1300: Town hall built^[2]
1308: Jacobijnerklooster established^[5]
1482: Martin's Church tower built^[4]
1493: Der Aa Church built^[6]
1506: Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, in power^[2]
1509: Ommelanderhuis and Rechthuis built^[4]^[2]
1526: Guild unrest^[7]
1575: Ommelanden secedes from city^[3]
1579: City signs Union of Utrecht regional treaty^[1]
1580: Siege of Groningen; Spaniards in power^[1]
May–July 1594: Siege of Groningen; Maurice, Prince of Orange, and William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in power;^[8] Groningen Treaty of Reduction unites city and Ommelanden^[3]^[9]
17 February 1595: City of Groningen and the Ommelanden admitted to the Republic of the United Netherlands^[3]
1599: orphanage founded.^[10]
c. 1609: workhouse established^[10]
1614: University of Groningen founded^[8]
1615: University library established
1635: Goudkantoor built on the Grote Markt^[2]
1650: William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, becomes stadtholder of Groningen^[8]
1659: Gerhard ten Berge becomes mayor
1662: City Weigh House built^[11]
Siege of Groningen by Bishop of Münster
July–August 1672: Siege of Groningen by Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen of Münster on behalf of Louis XIV of France^[1]
1705: Allert Meijer becomes city architect^[11]
1728: Collegium Medicum founded^[10]^[12]
1747: Jodenkamp cemetery established^[13]
1756: Volteringstraat synagogue built^[13]
1790: Henri Daniel Guyot Institute for the deaf established^[4]
1798: Hotel De Doelen established

1801: Scientific Society of Groningen formed^[14]
1810: City Hall rebuilt^[2]
1811: Groningen becomes part of the Ems-Occidental department of the French Empire^[15]
1813: French military ousted^[15]
1815: Vindicat atque Polit established
1819: design of Coat of arms of Groningen adopted
1824: Jean François van Iddekinge becomes mayor
1830: Academy of Fine Arts established^[4]
1837: annual Groningsche Volksalmanak begins publication
1841: Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt in use
1847: Praedinius Gymnasium active
1865: Noord-Willems Canal dug^[2]
1865: Korenbeurs rebuilt^[2]
1866: population: 36,852^[16]
1868: Nieuwe Groninger Nieuwsblad begins publication^[17]^[18]
1870: Meppel–Groningen railway begins operations^[2]
1874: Groninger Museum established
1874: Fortress demolished^[2]
1876: Eems Canal dug^[2]
1879: Verbindingskanaal dug
1879: design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
1880: Horse-drawn tram begins operating^[2]
1881: Scholtenhuis built
1882: Groningen State Archives established^[19]
1883: Groningen City Theatre established
1884: Groningen–Delfzijl railway begins operating; Groningen Noord railway station opens
1887: Groningen Local Railway Company established^[20]
1888: Nieuwsblad van het Noorden begins publication^[21]
1888: Hooghoudt distillery established
1894: Peace society formed^[22]
1895: Broerkerk demolished; Catholic St. Martinuskerk built
1896: Groningen railway station built

1903: World exhibit held^[15]^[23]
1904: Huis de Beurs café built^{[citation needed]}
1906: Gemeentetram Groningen transit entity established^[20]
1906: Groningen Synagogue built^[13]
1909: University Academics Facility built
1910: electric tram begins operating^[2]
1918: De Ploeg art group formed^[24]
1919: Gorecht Canal dug
1919: population: 89,030^[25]
1929: Grand Theatre built
1931: Hakenkampsveld Airport established outside city limits
1933: Oosterpark Stadion opens
26 July 1940: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces^[26]
26–27 September 1941: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces^[26]
April 1945: Battle of Groningen^[2]
1946: Groningen chess tournament held
1950: Design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
1951: Jan Tuin becomes mayor
1955: Roman Catholic Diocese of Groningen established^[27]
1959: Groningen gas field discovered^[28]
1960: Camera Cinema opens^[29]
1962: Nieuwe Stadhuis built^[24]
1969: increase in municipality size
1969: Lauwers Lake created near city^[8]
1970: Zernikecomplex development begins
1971: Football Club Groningen established
1971: Harm Buiter becomes mayor
1973: Eemshaven seaport opens^[15]
1974: Groningen Noord railway station rebuilt
1977: Groningen traffic circulation plan implemented^[30]
1979: RKZ Cinema opens^[29]
1986: Hanze University of Applied Sciences established
1991: Muller restaurant established
1991: Hans Ouwerkerk becomes mayor
1992: Groninger Dagblad begins publication
1992: Groninger Kredietbank scandal^[24]
1992: Groningen Audio Visual Archive established^[31]
1993: European Association for Sport Management headquartered in Groningen
1996: New City Hall building demolished
1996: Eurosonic Festival commences
1998: Jacques Wallage becomes mayor
1998: Urban renewal efforts^[32]

2002: Dagblad van het Noorden founded
2002: Groninger Archives established^[33]
2004: Nederlands Stripmuseum established
2005: University Medical Center Groningen established
2006: Euroborg stadium established
2007: Groningen Europapark railway station begins operating
2011: construction on the Groninger Forum begins
2014: Infoversum cinema built
2014: population: 197,823
2015: Peter den Oudsten becomes mayor.

History of Groningen

[1]
Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 723, OL 6112221M
[2]
"Stadsgeschiedenis Groningen" [Groningen City History]. Gemeente Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 October 2015.
[3]
"History". Provincie Groningen. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
[4]
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.
[5]
Groningsche Volksalmanak voor 1890 (in Dutch), Groningen: Erven B. Van der Kamp, 1889 – via Google Books
[6]
Justin Kroesen; Regnerus Steensma, eds. (2008). De Groninger cultuurschat: kerken van 1000 tot 1800 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4482-0.
[7]
Maarten Prak; et al., eds. (2006). Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5339-4.
[8]
Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.
[9]
John Lothrop Motley (1904). History of the United Netherlands. His Works,v.4-7. London: J. Murray. (1860s)
[10]
Ole Peter Grell; Andrew Cunningham, eds. (1997). Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-80860-1.
[11]
Gea van Essen (2010). Bouwheer en bouwmeester: bouwkunst in Groningen, Stad en Lande (1594-1795) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4672-5.
[12]
Frank Huisman (1992). Stadsbelang en standsbesef: gezondheidszorg en medisch beroep in Groningen 1500-1730 (in Dutch). Erasmus Publishing. ISBN 978-90-5235-037-0.
[13]
"Groningen". Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
[14]
Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
[15]
"Historie: 1000 jaar Groningen". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015. (chronological history)
[16]
"Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
[17]
Jan van de Plasse (2005). Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers (in Dutch). Otto Cramwinckel. ISBN 978-90-75727-77-7. (timeline)
[18]
Harry van der Laan (2005). Het Groninger boekbedrijf: drukkers, uitgevers en boekhandelaren in Groningen tot het eind van de negentiende eeuw [The Groninger book business: printers, publishers and booksellers in Groningen until the end of the 19th c.] (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4094-5.
[19]
"Rijksarchivaris in de provincie Groningen, 1824–1989", Archieven.nl (in Dutch), retrieved 30 October 2015
[20]
J.W. Sluiter (1967). Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven [Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies] (in Dutch). Brill.
[21]
"Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
[22]
Sandi E. Cooper (1991). "Peace Societies". Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536343-2.
[23]
Daniël Broersma (2005). Het wonderland achter de horizon: Groninger regionaal besef in nationaal verband 1903–1963 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4187-4.
[24]
Maarten Duijvendak; Bart de Vries, eds. (2003). Stad van het Noorden: Groningen in de twintigste eeuw [City of the North: Groningen in the Twentieth Century] (in Dutch). Assen: Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3984-0.
[25]
"Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
[26]
Richard Overy (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-15138-3.
[27]
"Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
[28]
M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.
[29]
"Movie Theaters in Groningen, Netherlands". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
[30]
"How Groningen invented a cycling template for cities all over the world", The Guardian, 29 July 2015
[31]
Film and Television Collections in Europe: the MAP-TV Guide. Routledge. 1995. ISBN 978-1-135-37262-0.
[32]
Gerard van Bortel (2009). "Network governance in action: the case of Groningen". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 24 (2): 167–183. doi:10.1007/s10901-009-9138-0. JSTOR 41107459.
[33]
"Over ons". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

Thomas Nugent (1749), "Groningen", The Grand Tour, vol. 1: Netherlands, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762598
"Groningen". Gazetteer of the Netherlands. Attributed to Clement Cruttwell. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 1794.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Groningen". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
George Henry Townsend (1877), "Groningen", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/hvd.32044088047865
"Groningen (city)". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"Groningen", Belgium and Holland (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, hdl:2027/uc1.b3129294
"Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 613–614.
"Groningen (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 612–613.
Evert Jan Diest Lorgion. Geschiedkundige beschrijving der stad Groningen [Historical description of the city of Groningen] (in Dutch). Groningen: Roelfsema. 1852-1857
Henri Zondervan, ed. (1917), "Groningen", Winkler Prins' Geillustreerde Encyclopaedie (in Dutch), vol. 8 (4th ed.), Amsterdam: Uitgevers-Maatschappy Elsevier, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068347981 (province and city)
G. van Herwijnen, ed. (1978). "Groningen". Bibliografie van de stedengeschiedenis van Nederland [Bibliography of Urban History in the Netherlands] (in Dutch). Brill. pp. 26+. ISBN 90-04-05700-5.
Jan Van den Broek (2007). Groningen, een stad apart: over het verleden van een eigenzinnige stad (1000-1600) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4323-6.

[lippincott1952-1] [1]
Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 723, OL 6112221M

[gemeente-2] [2]
"Stadsgeschiedenis Groningen" [Groningen City History]. Gemeente Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[ProvinceHistory-3] [3]
"History". Provincie Groningen. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[brit1910-4] [4]
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.

[5] [5]
Groningsche Volksalmanak voor 1890 (in Dutch), Groningen: Erven B. Van der Kamp, 1889 – via Google Books

[Kroesen2008-6] [6]
Justin Kroesen; Regnerus Steensma, eds. (2008). De Groninger cultuurschat: kerken van 1000 tot 1800 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4482-0.

[Prak2006-7] [7]
Maarten Prak; et al., eds. (2006). Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5339-4.

[koopmans2007-8] [8]
Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.

[Motley1904-9] [9]
John Lothrop Motley (1904). History of the United Netherlands. His Works,v.4-7. London: J. Murray. (1860s)

[Grell2002-10] [10]
Ole Peter Grell; Andrew Cunningham, eds. (1997). Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-80860-1.

[Essen2010-11] [11]
Gea van Essen (2010). Bouwheer en bouwmeester: bouwkunst in Groningen, Stad en Lande (1594-1795) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4672-5.

[Huisman1992-12] [12]
Frank Huisman (1992). Stadsbelang en standsbesef: gezondheidszorg en medisch beroep in Groningen 1500-1730 (in Dutch). Erasmus Publishing. ISBN 978-90-5235-037-0.

[jewry-13] [13]
"Groningen". Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[parrott-14] [14]
Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

[1000jaar-15] [15]
"Historie: 1000 jaar Groningen". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015. (chronological history)

[16] [16]
"Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.

[Plasse2005-17] [17]
Jan van de Plasse (2005). Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers (in Dutch). Otto Cramwinckel. ISBN 978-90-75727-77-7. (timeline)

[Laan2005-18] [18]
Harry van der Laan (2005). Het Groninger boekbedrijf: drukkers, uitgevers en boekhandelaren in Groningen tot het eind van de negentiende eeuw [The Groninger book business: printers, publishers and booksellers in Groningen until the end of the 19th c.] (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4094-5.

[19] [19]
"Rijksarchivaris in de provincie Groningen, 1824–1989", Archieven.nl (in Dutch), retrieved 30 October 2015

[sluiter1967-20] [20]
J.W. Sluiter (1967). Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven [Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies] (in Dutch). Brill.

[europa2004-21] [21]
"Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.

[cooper1991-22] [22]
Sandi E. Cooper (1991). "Peace Societies". Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536343-2.

[23] [23]
Daniël Broersma (2005). Het wonderland achter de horizon: Groninger regionaal besef in nationaal verband 1903–1963 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4187-4.

[Duijvendak2003-24] [24]
Maarten Duijvendak; Bart de Vries, eds. (2003). Stad van het Noorden: Groningen in de twintigste eeuw [City of the North: Groningen in the Twentieth Century] (in Dutch). Assen: Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3984-0.

[25] [25]
"Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.

[Overy2013-26] [26]
Richard Overy (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-15138-3.

[katolsk-27] [27]
"Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[Vassiliou2009-28] [28]
M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.

[cinema-29] [29]
"Movie Theaters in Groningen, Netherlands". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[30] [30]
"How Groningen invented a cycling template for cities all over the world", The Guardian, 29 July 2015

[maptv1995-31] [31]
Film and Television Collections in Europe: the MAP-TV Guide. Routledge. 1995. ISBN 978-1-135-37262-0.

[32] [32]
Gerard van Bortel (2009). "Network governance in action: the case of Groningen". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 24 (2): 167–183. doi:10.1007/s10901-009-9138-0. JSTOR 41107459.

[33] [33]
"Over ons". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

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[6]

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[16]

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[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

Timeline of Groningen

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Timeline of Groningen

Wikiwand in your browser!

Pre–19th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

Footnotes

Bibliography