Timeline of Groningen

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The following is a timeline of the history of the Netherlands' municipality of Groningen.

Pre–19th century

• 48 CE: Roman camp established.^[1]
• 800: Martin's Church built (approximate date).^[2]
• 1040: "Villa Cruoninga" ("Groningen") mentioned.^[3]
• 13th century: Reitdiep canal dug
• c. 1220: Martin's Church rebuilt in brick^[2]
• 1255: City wall built^[4]
• 1284: Groningen joins the Hanseatic League^[1]
• c. 1300: Town hall built^[2]
• 1308: Jacobijnerklooster established^[5]
• 1482: Martin's Church tower built^[4]
• 1493: Der Aa Church built^[6]
• 1506: Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, in power^[2]
• 1509: Ommelanderhuis and Rechthuis built^[4][2]
• 1526: Guild unrest^[7]
• 1575: Ommelanden secedes from city^[3]
• 1579: City signs Union of Utrecht regional treaty^[1]
• 1580: Siege of Groningen; Spaniards in power^[1]
• May–July 1594: Siege of Groningen; Maurice, Prince of Orange, and William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in power;^[8] Groningen Treaty of Reduction unites city and Ommelanden^[3][9]
• 17 February 1595: City of Groningen and the Ommelanden admitted to the Republic of the United Netherlands^[3]
• 1599: orphanage founded.^[10]
• c. 1609: workhouse established^[10]
• 1614: University of Groningen founded^[8]
• 1615: University library established
• 1635: Goudkantoor built on the Grote Markt^[2]
• 1650: William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, becomes stadtholder of Groningen^[8]
• 1659: Gerhard ten Berge becomes mayor
• 1662: City Weigh House built^[11]

  

  Siege of Groningen by Bishop of Münster

• July–August 1672: Siege of Groningen by Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen of Münster on behalf of Louis XIV of France^[1]
• 1705: Allert Meijer becomes city architect^[11]
• 1728: Collegium Medicum founded^[10][12]
• 1747: Jodenkamp cemetery established^[13]
• 1756: Volteringstraat synagogue built^[13]
• 1790: Henri Daniel Guyot Institute for the deaf established^[4]
• 1798: Hotel De Doelen established

19th century

• 1801: Scientific Society of Groningen formed^[14]
• 1810: City Hall rebuilt^[2]
• 1811: Groningen becomes part of the Ems-Occidental department of the French Empire^[15]
• 1813: French military ousted^[15]
• 1815: Vindicat atque Polit established
• 1819: design of Coat of arms of Groningen adopted
• 1824: Jean François van Iddekinge becomes mayor
• 1830: Academy of Fine Arts established^[4]
• 1837: annual Groningsche Volksalmanak begins publication
• 1841: Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt in use
• 1847: Praedinius Gymnasium active
• 1865: Noord-Willems Canal dug^[2]
• 1865: Korenbeurs rebuilt^[2]
• 1866: population: 36,852^[16]
• 1868: Nieuwe Groninger Nieuwsblad begins publication^[17][18]
• 1870: Meppel–Groningen railway begins operations^[2]
• 1874: Groninger Museum established
• 1874: Fortress demolished^[2]
• 1876: Eems Canal dug^[2]
• 1879: Verbindingskanaal dug
• 1879: design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
• 1880: Horse-drawn tram begins operating^[2]
• 1881: Scholtenhuis built
• 1882: Groningen State Archives established^[19]
• 1883: Groningen City Theatre established
• 1884: Groningen–Delfzijl railway begins operating; Groningen Noord railway station opens
• 1887: Groningen Local Railway Company established^[20]
• 1888: Nieuwsblad van het Noorden begins publication^[21]
• 1888: Hooghoudt distillery established
• 1894: Peace society formed^[22]
• 1895: Broerkerk demolished; Catholic St. Martinuskerk built
• 1896: Groningen railway station built

20th century

• 1903: World exhibit held^[15][23]
• 1904: Huis de Beurs café built^{[citation needed]}
• 1906: Gemeentetram Groningen transit entity established^[20]
• 1906: Groningen Synagogue built^[13]
• 1909: University Academics Facility built
• 1910: electric tram begins operating^[2]
• 1918: De Ploeg art group formed^[24]
• 1919: Gorecht Canal dug
• 1919: population: 89,030^[25]
• 1929: Grand Theatre built
• 1931: Hakenkampsveld Airport established outside city limits
• 1933: Oosterpark Stadion opens
• 26 July 1940: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces^[26]
• 26–27 September 1941: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces^[26]
• April 1945: Battle of Groningen^[2]
• 1946: Groningen chess tournament held
• 1950: Design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
• 1951: Jan Tuin becomes mayor
• 1955: Roman Catholic Diocese of Groningen established^[27]
• 1959: Groningen gas field discovered^[28]
• 1960: Camera Cinema opens^[29]
• 1962: Nieuwe Stadhuis built^[24]
• 1969: increase in municipality size
• 1969: Lauwers Lake created near city^[8]
• 1970: Zernikecomplex development begins
• 1971: Football Club Groningen established
• 1971: Harm Buiter becomes mayor
• 1973: Eemshaven seaport opens^[15]
• 1974: Groningen Noord railway station rebuilt
• 1977: Groningen traffic circulation plan implemented^[30]
• 1979: RKZ Cinema opens^[29]
• 1986: Hanze University of Applied Sciences established
• 1991: Muller restaurant established
• 1991: Hans Ouwerkerk becomes mayor
• 1992: Groninger Dagblad begins publication
• 1992: Groninger Kredietbank scandal^[24]
• 1992: Groningen Audio Visual Archive established^[31]
• 1993: European Association for Sport Management headquartered in Groningen
• 1996: New City Hall building demolished
• 1996: Eurosonic Festival commences
• 1998: Jacques Wallage becomes mayor
• 1998: Urban renewal efforts^[32]

21st century

• 2002: Dagblad van het Noorden founded
• 2002: Groninger Archives established^[33]
• 2004: Nederlands Stripmuseum established
• 2005: University Medical Center Groningen established
• 2006: Euroborg stadium established
• 2007: Groningen Europapark railway station begins operating
• 2011: construction on the Groninger Forum begins
• 2014: Infoversum cinema built
• 2014: population: 197,823
• 2015: Peter den Oudsten becomes mayor.

See also

• History of Groningen

Footnotes

1. Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 723, OL 6112221M
2. "Stadsgeschiedenis Groningen" [Groningen City History]. Gemeente Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 October 2015.
3. "History". Provincie Groningen. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
4. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.
5. Groningsche Volksalmanak voor 1890 (in Dutch), Groningen: Erven B. Van der Kamp, 1889 – via Google Books
6. Justin Kroesen; Regnerus Steensma, eds. (2008). De Groninger cultuurschat: kerken van 1000 tot 1800 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4482-0.
7. Maarten Prak; et al., eds. (2006). Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5339-4.
8. Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.
9. John Lothrop Motley (1904). History of the United Netherlands. His Works,v.4-7. London: J. Murray. (1860s)
10. Ole Peter Grell; Andrew Cunningham, eds. (1997). Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-80860-1.
11. Gea van Essen (2010). Bouwheer en bouwmeester: bouwkunst in Groningen, Stad en Lande (1594-1795) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4672-5.
12. Frank Huisman (1992). Stadsbelang en standsbesef: gezondheidszorg en medisch beroep in Groningen 1500-1730 (in Dutch). Erasmus Publishing. ISBN 978-90-5235-037-0.
13. "Groningen". Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
14. Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
15. "Historie: 1000 jaar Groningen". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015. (chronological history)
16. "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
17. Jan van de Plasse (2005). Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers (in Dutch). Otto Cramwinckel. ISBN 978-90-75727-77-7. (timeline)
18. Harry van der Laan (2005). Het Groninger boekbedrijf: drukkers, uitgevers en boekhandelaren in Groningen tot het eind van de negentiende eeuw [The Groninger book business: printers, publishers and booksellers in Groningen until the end of the 19th c.] (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4094-5.
19. "Rijksarchivaris in de provincie Groningen, 1824–1989", Archieven.nl (in Dutch), retrieved 30 October 2015
20. J.W. Sluiter (1967). Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven [Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies] (in Dutch). Brill.
21. "Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
22. Sandi E. Cooper (1991). "Peace Societies". Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536343-2.
23. Daniël Broersma (2005). Het wonderland achter de horizon: Groninger regionaal besef in nationaal verband 1903–1963 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4187-4.
24. Maarten Duijvendak; Bart de Vries, eds. (2003). Stad van het Noorden: Groningen in de twintigste eeuw [City of the North: Groningen in the Twentieth Century] (in Dutch). Assen: Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3984-0.
25. "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
26. Richard Overy (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-15138-3.
27. "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
28. M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.
29. "Movie Theaters in Groningen, Netherlands". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
30. "How Groningen invented a cycling template for cities all over the world", The Guardian, 29 July 2015
31. Film and Television Collections in Europe: the MAP-TV Guide. Routledge. 1995. ISBN 978-1-135-37262-0.
32. Gerard van Bortel (2009). "Network governance in action: the case of Groningen". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 24 (2): 167–183. doi:10.1007/s10901-009-9138-0. JSTOR 41107459.
33. "Over ons". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

Bibliography

• Thomas Nugent (1749), "Groningen", The Grand Tour, vol. 1: Netherlands, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762598
• "Groningen". Gazetteer of the Netherlands. Attributed to Clement Cruttwell. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 1794.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
• William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Groningen". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
• George Henry Townsend (1877), "Groningen", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/hvd.32044088047865
• "Groningen (city)". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• "Groningen", Belgium and Holland (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, hdl:2027/uc1.b3129294
• "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 613–614.
• "Groningen (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 612–613.
• Evert Jan Diest Lorgion. Geschiedkundige beschrijving der stad Groningen [Historical description of the city of Groningen] (in Dutch). Groningen: Roelfsema. 1852-1857
• Henri Zondervan, ed. (1917), "Groningen", Winkler Prins' Geillustreerde Encyclopaedie (in Dutch), vol. 8 (4th ed.), Amsterdam: Uitgevers-Maatschappy Elsevier, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068347981 (province and city)
• G. van Herwijnen, ed. (1978). "Groningen". Bibliografie van de stedengeschiedenis van Nederland [Bibliography of Urban History in the Netherlands] (in Dutch). Brill. pp. 26+. ISBN 90-04-05700-5.
• Jan Van den Broek (2007). Groningen, een stad apart: over het verleden van een eigenzinnige stad (1000-1600) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4323-6.