Time in Africa

Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, spans across six different time zone offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): UTC−01:00 to UTC+04:00.^[2][3] As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year^[4] and as such daylight saving time is currently observed in only two countries, Morocco and Egypt. However, it was previously observed in several other countries.^[5][6]

Time zones of Africa:

Light Blue	Cape Verde Time[a] (UTC−1)
Blue	Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
Red	Central European Time West Africa Time (UTC+1)
Ochre	Central Africa Time Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time South African Standard Time (UTC+2)
Green	East Africa Time (UTC+3)
Turquoise	Mauritius Time[b] Seychelles Time[b] (UTC+4)

^a The islands of Cape Verde and Canary Islands are to the west of the African mainland.
^b Mauritius and the Seychelles are to the east and north-east of Madagascar respectively.

Time in Africa
Time zones	Cape Verde Time Central European Time East Africa Time Eastern European Time Greenwich Mean Time Mauritius Time Seychelles Time South African Standard Time NORTH AFRICA Time
UTC offsets	UTC−01:00 to UTC+04:00
Time notation(s)	24-hour clock 12-hour clock (uncommon)[1]
Daylight saving time
Observed in	Morocco
tz database
Africa

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time was widely used in railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy.^[7] Local mean time is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude;^[8] for instance, Liberia observed UTC−0:44:30 instead of an approximate offset such as UTC−01:00.^[9] British Rhodesia (at the time administered by the private British South Africa Company) was the first area in Africa to adopt standard time, switching to UTC+02:30 on 1 August 1899 as the previous time standards proved problematic for the railway system.^[10] Other countries followed suit, and by 1912, most Portuguese,^[11] French and British territories had adopted a standard offset.^[12] Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.^[13]

Names for the offsets vary by country and jurisdiction:^[3] in Africa, UTC+01:00 is commonly known as "West Africa Time", however Algeria,^[14] Morocco and Tunisia^[15] designate the offset by its European name, "Central European Time"; UTC+02:00 – commonly known as "Central Africa Time" – is designated as "South African Standard Time" by Eswatini, Lesotho and South Africa,^[16] whilst Egypt^[17] and Libya^[18] designate it by its European name "Eastern European Time". Cape Verde is the only country in Africa which observes UTC−01:00, where it is known as Cape Verde Time (CVT); thirteen countries observe UTC+00:00, fourteen^[a] observe UTC+01:00, sixteen^[a] observe UTC+02:00, nine observe UTC+03:00, and two (Mauritius and Seychelles) observe UTC+04:00, where the offset is designated as Mauritius Time (MUT)^[19] and Seychelles Time (SCT)^[20] respectively.^[3]

History

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time, which is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude,^[8] such as railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy, was widely used.^[7] Due to the large size of the British company rule in Rhodesia, it meant Rhodesia observed three standards of time: UTC+01:30, +2:15 and +2:30; this was problematic for the railway system, so on 1 August 1899 the standard time zones UTC+02:30 was adopted nationwide,^[10] consequently resulting in this being the first standard time in Africa. This would soon be followed by Egypt, which adopted standard time on 1 October 1900;^[21][22] Nigeria adopted standard time on 1 July 1905,^[23] Seychelles in 1906,^[24] Mauritius on 1 January 1907,^[21] Togo in 1907,^[12] Algeria on 11 March 1911^[9] and Tunisia on 12 April 1911.^[21] Most Portuguese territories (including Cape Verde and Mozambique) adopted standard time on 26 May 1911,^[11] followed by most remaining French and British territories on 1 July 1911 and 1 January 1912.^[21][25] The Gambia adopted standard time in 1918.^[26] Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.^[13] The latest time change was South Sudan, which switched from UTC+3 to +2 on 1 February 2021.^[27]

Daylight saving time

Main article: Daylight saving time in Africa

As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year^[4] and as such daylight saving time (DST) is currently observed in only one country, Morocco, however it was also previously observed in several other countries: the countries that formerly observed DST are South Africa, which last observed it in 1944,^[28] Cape Verde in 1945,^[29] Madagascar in 1954,^[29] Ghana in 1956,^[30] Sierra Leone in 1962,^[31] Algeria and Chad in 1980,^[9] Sudan in 1985,^[9] Tunisia in 2008,^[32] Mauritius in 2009,^[29] Libya in 2012,^[33][34] Egypt in 2015,^[35] and Namibia in 2017.^[36] Since 2019,^[37] Morocco has observed UTC+01:00 year round except during the month of Ramadan, when it switches to UTC+00:00 as to not interfere with the month's fasting (sawm).^[38][39]

Time zones

Country	Time zone	Abbr.	Adopted	zone.tab[9]
UTC−01:00 – Cape Verde Time[2][3]
Cape Verde[40]	Cape Verde Time[41]	CVT	26 May 1911[11]	Atlantic/Cape Verde
UTC+00:00 – Greenwich Mean Time[2][3]
Burkina Faso[42]	Greenwich Mean Time[43]	GMT	1 January 1912	Africa/Ouagadougou
Côte d'Ivoire[44]	Greenwich Mean Time[45]	GMT	1 January 1911[21]	Africa/Abidjan
The Gambia[46]	Greenwich Mean Time[47]	GMT	1918[26]	Africa/Banjul
Ghana[48]	Greenwich Mean Time[49]	GMT	2 November 1915[50]–31 January 1942[51] 24 October 1945 (readopted)[52]	Africa/Accra
Guinea[53]	Greenwich Mean Time[54]	GMT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Conakry
Guinea-Bissau[55]	Greenwich Mean Time[56]	GMT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Bissau
Liberia[57]	Greenwich Mean Time[58]	GMT	7 January 1972[13]	Africa/Monrovia
Mali[59]	Greenwich Mean Time[60]	GMT	1 July 1911	Africa/Bamako
Mauritania[61]	Greenwich Mean Time[62]	GMT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Nouakchott
São Tomé and Príncipe[63]	Greenwich Mean Time[64]	GMT	1 January 1912[9]–1 January 2018[65] 1 January 2019 (readopted)[66]	Africa/Sao Tome
Senegal[67]	Greenwich Mean Time[68]	GMT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Dakar
Sierra Leone[69]	Greenwich Mean Time[70]	GMT	1939[71]	Africa/Freetown
Togo[72]	Greenwich Mean Time[73]	GMT	1907[12]	Africa/Lome
UTC+01:00 – West Africa Time[2][3][b]
Algeria[74]	Central European Time[75]	CET	11 March 1911 – 25 February 1940[9] 7 October 1946 – 29 January 1956[9] 14 April 1963 – 21 October 1977[9] May 1981[9]	Africa/Algiers
Angola[76]	West Africa Time[77]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Luanda
Benin[78]	West Africa Time[79]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Porto-Novo
Cameroon[80]	West Africa Time[81]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Douala
Central African Republic[82]	West Africa Time[83]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Bangui
Chad[84]	West Africa Time[85]	WAT	1 January 1912	Africa/Ndjamena
Democratic Republic of the Congo (western side)[86]	West Africa Time[87]	WAT	1 January 1912	Africa/Kinshasa
Equatorial Guinea[88]	West Africa Time[89]	WAT	1968[c]	Africa/Malabo
Gabon[91]	West Africa Time[92]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Libreville
Morocco[93]	Central European Time[94]	CET	27 October 2018[95][96]	Africa/Casablanca
Niger[97]	West Africa Time[98]	WAT	1 January 1912[21]	Africa/Niamey
Nigeria[99]	West Africa Time[100]	WAT	1 July 1905[23]–1 July 1908[101] 1 September 1919 (readopted)[102]	Africa/Lagos
Republic of the Congo[103]	West Africa Time[104]	WAT	1 January 1912[22]	Africa/Brazzaville
Tunisia[105]	Central European Time[106]	CET	12 April 1911[21]	Africa/Tunis
UTC+02:00 – Central Africa Time[2][3][d]
Botswana[107]	Central Africa Time[108]	CAT	1984[109]	Africa/Gaborone
Burundi[110]	Central Africa Time[111]	CAT	1968[9]	Africa/Bujumbura
Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern side)[87]	Central Africa Time[87]	CAT	1 January 1912	Africa/Lubumbashi
Egypt[112]	Eastern European Time[113]	EET	1 October 1900[21][22]	Africa/Cairo
Eswatini[114]	South African Standard Time[115]	SAST	1 March 1903	Africa/Mbabane
Lesotho[116]	South African Standard Time[117]	SAST	1 March 1903	Africa/Maseru
Libya[118]	Eastern European Time[119]	EET	5 November 2012[34]	Africa/Tripoli
Malawi[120]	Central Africa Time[121]	CAT	26 August 1966[122]	Africa/Blantyre
Mozambique[123]	Central Africa Time[124]	CAT	1903 (de facto)[9] 26 May 1911 (de jure)[9][11]	Africa/Maputo
Namibia[125]	Central Africa Time[126]	CAT	10 November 1993[127][128]	Africa/Windhoek
Rwanda[129]	Central Africa Time[130]	CAT	1922	Africa/Kigali
South Africa[131]	South African Standard Time[132][133]	SAST	1 March 1903[134]	Africa/Johannesburg
South Sudan[135]	Central Africa Time[136]	CAT	1 February 2021[27]	Africa/Juba
Sudan[137]	Central Africa Time[137]	CAT	1931[9]–15 January 2000[138] 1 November 2017 (readopted)[139]	Africa/Khartoum
Zambia[140]	Central Africa Time[141]	CAT	1924[142]	Africa/Lusaka
Zimbabwe[143]	Central Africa Time[144]	CAT	8 July 1899[145][146]	Africa/Harare
UTC+03:00 – East Africa Time[2][3]
Comoros[147]	East Africa Time[148]	EAT	1 July 1911[21]	Indian/Comoro
Djibouti[149]	East Africa Time[150]	EAT	1 July 1911[21]	Africa/Djibouti
Eritrea[151]	East Africa Time[152]	EAT	24 May 1993	Africa/Asmara
Ethiopia[153]	East Africa Time[154]	EAT	17 August 1942[155]	Africa/Addis Ababa
Kenya[156]	East Africa Time[157][158]	EAT	31 July 1942[159]	Africa/Nairobi
Madagascar[160]	East Africa Time[161][162]	EAT	1 July 1911[21]	Indian/Antananarivo
Somalia[163]	East Africa Time[164]	EAT	1 July 1911[165]	Africa/Mogadishu
Tanzania[166]	East Africa Time[167][168]	EAT	21 January 1929[169]–1 January 1936[170] 1 August 1942[171] (readopted)	Africa/Dar es Salaam
Uganda[172]	East Africa Time[173][174]	EAT	23 July 1976[175]	Africa/Kampala
UTC+04:00 – Mauritius Time; Seychelles Time[2][3]
Mauritius[176]	Mauritius Time[177]	MUT	1 January 1907[21]	Indian/Mauritius
Seychelles[178]	Seychelles Time[179]	SCT	1906[24]	Indian/Mahe

See also

• Africa portal

• African time–a perceived cultural tendency in parts of Africa and the Caribbean toward a more relaxed attitude to time
• Daylight saving time in Africa
• Date and time notation in Africa
• Lists of time zones
• Geography of Africa

Notes

1. Including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which observes two time zones, UTC+01:00 and +2.
2. Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia designate this offset as "Central European Time".
3. First appeared in the 1969 "Sailing Directions for Southwest Coast of Africa, Cape Palmas to Cape of Good Hope" published by the Naval Oceanographic Office,^[90] which is compiled the year before publication. Equatorial Guinea did not appear in the 1968 edition (compiled in 1967) or earlier.
4. Eswatini, Lesotho and South Africa designate this offset as "South African Standard Time" and Egypt and Libya designate it as "Eastern European Time".

References

General

• Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time 1870-1950. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674737020. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
• Shanks, Thomas G. (1985) "The International Atlas: World Longitudes and Latitudes Time Changes and Time Zones". ACS Publications. ISBN 9780917086571. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
• Pearce, Chris (2017). The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy. Australian eBook Publisher. ISBN 9781925516968. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

Inline

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126. Namibia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
127. Namibian Time Bill (#39 of 1993). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
128. Dierks, Klaus (5 January 2005) "Chronology of Namibian History". p. 136 "1994". KlausDierks.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
129. Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
130. Rwanda Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
131. South Africa. "time difference: UTC+2". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
132. South Africa Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
133. "Guide to Southern Africa". (1957). S. Low, Marston & Company. Union-Castle Mail Steamship Company, Ltd. p. 124. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
134. Wood, H. E. (1927–28) "Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland. No. 10. p. 61, chp. 1. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
135. South Sudan. "time difference: UTC+2". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
136. South Sudan Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
137. Sudan Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
138. Clocks to be moved ahead by 60 minutes as of Saturday noon, 13 January 2000. Sudan News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 July 2000. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
139. Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the year 2017. Government of Sudan. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
140. Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
141. Zambia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
142. Central Statistical Office (1924) "Official Year Book of Southern Rhodesia". p. 313. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
143. Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
144. Zimbabwe Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
145. British South Africa Company Government Gazette, 1899. [Government Notice No. 160 of 1899]. p. 199. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
146. Interpretation Act, 1 November 1962. Government of Zimbabwe. ZimLII – Legal Information Institute (LII). Retrieved 7 September 2021.
147. Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
148. Comoros Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
149. Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
150. Djibouti Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
151. Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
152. Eritrea Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
153. Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
154. Ethiopia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
155. Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University (1972) "Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia: An Unofficial Compilation of National Laws in Effect as of September 10, 1969. Prepared in Co-operation with the Office of the Prime Minister, Imperial Ethiopian Government, by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University  • Volume 2". p. 821. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
156. Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
157. Kenya Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
158. Ham, Anthony; Kaminski, Anna; Duthie, Shawn (2018) "Lonely Planet Kenya". Lonely Planet Publications. Kenya → "Time: East Africa Time (GMT/UTC plus three hours)". Retrieved 14 September 2021.
159. The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120), Government Notice №655. 16 July 1942. Kenya Official Gazette Supplement, No. 32. p. 331. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
160. Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
161. Madagascar Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
162. Time in Madagascar at Lonely Planet. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
163. Somalia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
164. Somalia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
165. United States. Bureau of Standards (1932) Issue 399, Circular of the Bureau of Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 14. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
166. Tanzania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
167. Tanzania Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
168. Time in Tanzania. Lonely Planet. 5 September 2021.
169. "Gazette. Supplement [1̈ Government Notices]", 1929. Tanganyika. p. 9 "Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 21 January 1929. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
170. Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 January 1936. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
171. Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 August 1942. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
172. Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
173. Uganda Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
174. Time in Uganda. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
175. Interpretation Act, 23 July 1976. Law Reform Commission of Uganda. ULII – Legal Information Institute (LII). Part VI – Miscellaneous, 33. Time. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
176. Mauritius. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+4". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
177. Mauritius Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
178. Seychelles. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+4". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
179. Seychelles Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.

External links

• Time zone abbreviations in Africa at TimeAndDate.com
• Current local time in Africa at WorldTimeZone
• Standard Time Zone chart of the World in 1920 (and other years) at WorldTimeZone.com