Tianhe core module

Tianhe (Chinese: 天和; pinyin: Tiānhé; lit. 'Harmony of the Heavens'),^[8][9] officially the Tianhe core module (Chinese: 天和核心舱), is the first module to launch of the Tiangong space station. It was launched into orbit on 29 April 2021,^[1] as the first launch of the final phase of Tiangong program, part of the China Manned Space Program (Project 921).^[3][5]

Tianhe
天和

Rendering of Tianhe core module with the robotic arm at docking position
Module statistics
COSPAR ID	2021-035A
Part of	Tiangong
Launch date	29 April 2021, 03:23:15 UTC[1]
Launch vehicle	Long March 5B (Y2)
Mass	22,500 kg (49,600 lb) [2][3][4][5][6]
Length	16.6 m (54 ft) [7]
Width	4.2 m (14 ft) [7]
Pressurised volume	113m³[6] habitable: 51m³[6]

Tianhe
Chinese	天和
Literal meaning	Heaven-Peace (or Heavenly Harmony)
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tiānhé IPA [tʰjɛ́n.xɤ̌] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Tīn-wòh Jyutping Tin1-wo4 IPA [tʰin˥wɔ˩]

Tianhe follows the earlier projects Salyut, Skylab, Mir, International Space Station, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 space stations.^[10] It is the first module of a third-generation Chinese modular space station. Other examples of modular station projects include the Soviet/Russian Mir and the International Space Station. Operations will be controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center.^[5]

In 2018, a fullscale mockup of Tianhe was publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai.^[11][12] In October 2020, China selected 18 new astronauts ahead of the space station construction to participate in the country's space station project.^[13]

Functions and systems

The core module provides life support and living quarters for three crew members, and provides guidance, navigation, and orientation control for the station. The module also provides the station's power, propulsion, and life support systems. The module consists of three sections: the habitable living quarter, the non-habitable service section, and a docking hub.^[5] Overall, the living quarters has a volume of 50 cubic meters of habitable space for three people, compared to only 15 m³ for Tiangong-1.^[14]

The living quarters will include a kitchen and toilet, fire control equipment, air processing and control equipment, computers, scientific apparatus, and ground communications equipment.^[5] The station has a bigger robotic arm, so it can move subsequent modules or resupply vehicles to different ports of the core module as a backup.^[5][15] Also, this ″Chinarm″ had modern mobility, can be elongated and features 7 axes of motion to crawl.^[16] According to the latest reports, its ability is similar to Canadarm 2. ^[17]

Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays, which use photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it moves into the Earth's shadow. Tianzhou resupply ships will replenish fuel for the module's propulsion engines for station-keeping to counter the effects of atmospheric drag.^[18] There are 4 ion engines for propulsion.^[19]

Structure

Tianhe core module full-scale mockup displayed at China Science and Technology Museum

Folded solar panel on Tianhe core module full-scale mockup

Tianhe core module being tested on the ground

Wang Wenbao, director of the human spaceflight agency China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), said China has established "a good working relationship" with space agencies in Russia, France, Germany and other countries.^[20][21]

The forward docking hub allows the core module to be docked with four other space station visiting spacecraft, including two experimental modules, Wentian module and Mengtian module, a cargo ship Tianzhou spacecraft, and a Shenzhou spacecraft.^[15] The axial (forward-facing) and nadir (Earth-facing) port of the module will be fitted with rendezvous equipment. A mechanical arm similar to the Russian Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station will be fitted to each of the future experiment modules. The axial port on the docking hub will be the primary docking port. When new modules arrive, they will first dock here, then the mechanical arm will attach and move the module to a radial port. Crew and supply ships from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center will dock to either of the axial ports of the module, as well as the nadir port. The zenith (space facing) port has been modified to act as the station’s extravehicular activity (EVA) hatch, as the spherical docking hub is also the EVA airlock.^[15]

The first generation space stations such as Salyut 1 and NASA's Skylab stations were not designed for re-supply, while Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and Mir had more than one docking port and were designed to be resupplied routinely during crewed operation.^[22] The TCM as a modular station can allow the mission to be changed over time, and new modules can be added or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility.^[23] It is designed for replenishment of consumables and has a service life of at least 10 years.^[15][24]

The length of the module is 16.6 m (54 ft). It is cylindrical with a maximum diameter of 4.2 m (14 ft) and an on-orbit mass of 22,500 kg (49,600 lb).^[7][6]

Launch

Launch of Tianhe

On 14 January 2021, CMSA announced the beginning of the construction phase for China's three-module space station. The core module, Tianhe, passed a flight acceptance review. This core module provides living space and life support for astronauts and houses the outpost's power and propulsion elements.^[25][26]

Tianhe launched on 29 April 2021, at 03:23:15 UTC atop a Long March 5B launch vehicle from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site.^[7] After the core module was put into orbit, the empty first stage of its launch vehicle entered a temporary, uncontrolled failing orbit.^[27] Some concerns were raised over possible damage from debris of the uncontrolled re-entry: observations showed the rocket was tumbling, which complicates predictions about an eventual landing area, although the most likely outcome was a maritime impact. Parallels were made with respect to a previous launch in May 2020^[28] which reportedly caused some damage in the Côte d'Ivoire.^[29] The rocket re-entered over the Arabian peninsula on 9 May at 02:24 UTC,^[30] landing in the Indian Ocean west of the Maldives according to the CMSA, with much of it having reportedly burned up prior to impact.^{[note 1]} United States Space Command confirmed the re-entry location.^{[31][note 2]}

The first spacecraft scheduled that visited the Tianhe core module was the Tianzhou 2 cargo resupply spacecraft on 29 May 2021, followed by Shenzhou 12, carrying a crew of three to the station on 17 June 2021.^[1] Tianzhou 3 and Shenzhou 13 were launched to the station on 20 September 2021 and 15 October 2021 respectively.^[33][34]

Dockings

Launch date (UTC)	Docking date (UTC)	Undocking date (UTC)	Result	Spacecraft/Module	Launch vehicle	Launch site	Launch provider	Docking/berthing port	Duration[a]
29 April 2021, 03:23:15[35]	N/A	N/A	Success	Tianhe	Long March 5B	Wenchang LC-1	CASC	N/A
29 May 2021, 12:55:29[36]	29 May 2021, 21:01[37]	27 March 2022, 07:59		Tianzhou 2	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe port[b]	301 days, 10 hours and 58 minutes
17 June 2021, 01:22:27[38]	17 June 2021, 07:54[38]	16 September 2021, 00:56 [39]		Shenzhou 12	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe forward	90 days, 14 hours and 8 minutes
20 September 2021, 07:10:11[40][41]	20 September 2021, 14:08[42]	17 July 2022, 02:59		Tianzhou 3	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe forward[c]	299 days, 12 hours and 51 minutes
15 October 2021, 16:23:56[43][44]	15 October 2021, 22:56[45]	15 April 2022, 16:44[46]		Shenzhou 13	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe nadir	181 days, 14 hours and 46 minutes
9 May 2022, 17:56:37[47]	10 May 2022, 00:54	9 November 2022, 06:55		Tianzhou 4	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe aft	183 days, 6 hours and 1 minute
5 June 2022, 02:44:10[48]	5 June 2022, 09:42	4 December 2022, 03:01		Shenzhou 14	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe nadir	181 days, 14 hours and 11 minutes
24 July 2022, 06:22:32[49][50]	24 July 2022, 19:13[51]	N/A		Wentian	Long March 5B	Wenchang LC-1	CASC	Tianhe starboard[d]
31 October 2022, 07:37:23.191[50]	31 October 2022, 20:27	N/A		Mengtian	Long March 5B	Wenchang LC-1	CASC	Tianhe port[e]
12 November 2022, 02:03:12:374[52][53]	12 November 2022, 04:10	11 September 2023 08:46		Tianzhou 5	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe forward[f]	303 days, 4 hours and 36 minutes
29 November 2022, 15:08:17[54]	29 November 2022, 21:42[55]	3 June 2023, 13:29		Shenzhou 15	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe forward	185 days, 13 hours and 56 minutes
10 May 2023, 13:22:51:405[56]	10 May 2023, 21:16	12 January 2024, 08:02		Tianzhou 6	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe aft	246 days, 10 hours and 46 minutes
30 May 2023, 01:31:13[56]	30 May 2023, 08:29	30 October 2023, 12:37[57]		Shenzhou 16	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan LA-4	CASC	Tianhe nadir	153 days, 2 hours and 15 minutes
26 October 2023, 03:14:02[58]	26 October 2023, 09:46	30 April 2024, 00:43[59]		Shenzhou 17	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan LA-4	CASC	Tianhe forward	186 days, 13 hours and 9 minutes
17 January 2024, 14:27:30:728[60]	17 January 2024, 17:46	10 November 2024, 08:30		Tianzhou 7	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe aft	297 days, 14 hours and 44 minutes
25 April 2024, 12:59:00.479[61]	25 April 2024, 19:32[62]	3 November 2024, 08:12		Shenzhou 18	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe nadir	191 days, 11 hours and 8 minutes
29 October 2024, 20:27:34.469[63]	30 October 2024, 03:00	TBD		Shenzhou 19	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe forward
15 November 2024, 15:13:18.219[63]	15 November 2024, 18:32	TBD		Tianzhou 8	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe aft
May 2025[64][65]	May 2025	TBD	Planned	Shenzhou 20	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe forward
2025[65]	2025	TBD		Tianzhou 9	Long March 7	Wenchang LC-2	CASC	Tianhe aft
2025[65]	2025	TBD		Shenzhou 21	Long March 2F/G	Jiuquan SLS-1	CASC	Tianhe forward
2026[66]	N/A	N/A		Xuntian	Long March 5B	Wenchang LC-1	CASC	N/A

This section is an excerpt from Tiangong space station § List of missions.[edit]

• All dates are UTC. Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change.
• Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation (attitude). Aft is at the rear of the station, used by spacecraft to boost the station's orbit. Nadir is closest to the Earth, zenith is on top. Port is to the left if pointing one's feet towards the Earth and looking in the direction of travel; starboard to the right.

Key

  Uncrewed cargo spacecraft are in light blue colour

  Crewed spacecraft are in light green colour

  Modules are in beige colour

Maneuvers

On 1 July 2021, the space station performed a maneuver in response to a possible close encounter with the Starlink-1095 communications satellite.^[67] Another maneuver was carried out on 21 October of the same year in response to a possible collision with Starlink-2305.^[67]

See also

• Spaceflight portal
• China portal

• China Manned Space Program
• Wentian module
• Mengtian module
• Xuntian Space Telescope

Notes

1. China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO) reported landing coordinates are 72.47 degrees of longitude east and 2.65 degrees of latitude north – 2.65°N 72.47°E / 2.65; 72.47.^[31][30]
2. 'Space-Track.org', on its Twitter feed, stated that based on data from the 18th Space Control Squadron of the United States Space Force, the CZ-5B core stage that launched the Tianhe core module fell into the Indian Ocean north of the Maldives.^[32]

1. Duration of a spacecraft is calculated from the moment of docking with the Tianhe core module to the moment of undocking with the station.
2. Initially docked to aft port, moved to forward port on 18 Sep 2021, and then again to portside port on 6 Jan 2022
3. Initially docked to aft port, moved to forward port on 20 Apr 2022
4. Initially docked to forward port, it was moved to starboard port on 30 Sep 2022 by the Indexing Robot Arm
5. Initially docked to forward port, it was moved to Portside port on 3 Nov 2022 by the Indexing Robot Arm
6. Initially docked to aft port, from 5 May 2023, it was free-flying and co-orbiting the space station, then redocked to forward port on 5 June 2023

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External links

• Chinese Manned Space Agency website by China Manned Space Engineering Office