Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond

For other people named Thomas Butler, see Thomas Butler (disambiguation).

Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond and 3rd Earl of Ossory KG PC (Ire) (Irish: Tomás Dubh de Buitléir, Iarla Urmhamhan; c. 1531 – 1614), was an influential courtier in London at the court of Elizabeth I. He was Lord Treasurer of Ireland from 1559 to his death. He fought for the crown in the Rough Wooing, the Desmond Rebellions, and Tyrone's Rebellion. He fought his rival, Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond in the Battle of Affane in 1565.

Thomas Butler
Earl of Ormond
Detail of the portrait shown below
Tenure	1546–1614
Predecessor	James, 9th Earl of Ormond
Successor	Walter, 11th Earl of Ormond
Born	February 1531
Died	22 November 1614 Carrick-on-Suir, Ireland
Spouse(s)	1. Elizabeth Berkeley 2. Elizabeth Sheffield 3. Helena Barry
Issue Detail	Elizabeth, only surviving child
Father	James Butler
Mother	Joan Fitzgerald

Birth and origins

Family tree

Thomas Butler with wife, parents, and other selected relatives.[lower-alpha 1] Piers 8th Earl 1467–1539 Margaret FitzGerald c. 1473 – 1542 James 10th Earl d. 1529 Amy O'Brien James 9th Earl 1496–1546 Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 Gerald 14th Earl c. 1533 – 1583 Rebel Earl Elizabeth Berkeley d. 1582 Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 John of Kilcash d. 1570 Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 Walter 11th Earl 1559–1633 'Beads' Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 James 1st Duke 1610–1688 Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 Legend XXX Thomas Butler XXX Earls & dukes of Ormond XXX Earls of Desmond *d.v.p. = predeceased his father (decessit vita patris)

Thomas was born about February 1531^{[lower-alpha 2]} in southern Ireland. He was the eldest son of James Butler and his wife Joan FitzGerald. At the time of his birth, his father was still heir apparent but would succeed as 9th Earl of Ormond in 1539. His father's family was the Butler dynasty, who were of Anglo-Norman origin. The family descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.^[7]

Thomas's mother was a child of James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond. Her family, the Geraldines, were of Cambro-Norman and Anglo-Norman origin. It was once believed that his parents had married about 1520, but this is now known to be impossible as, in 1521-2, his father was briefly betrothed to his English cousin Anne Boleyn. James and Joan did not marry until about 1528, with Thomas as their first child being born three, rather than eleven, years later.^[8]

He was one of seven brothers, which are listed in his father's article. No sisters are known and he probably had none, since the siblings were born about two years apart.

Early life

In 1539 his grandfather died and his father succeeded as the 9th earl of Ormond.^[9] Born in Ireland, Butler was sent to London in May 1544 aged about 13,^[10] to be brought up at the English court where he adopted English speech, dress, and manners, as well as the Protestant religion.^[11]

Elizabeth I

The future Lord Ormond and the future Queen Elizabeth met in London as children. Thomas, the "son of an Irish Earl", and Elizabeth, the "illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII", shared a common experience: neither was well-treated by the other young nobles at court. They were distant (4th) cousins through her mother, Anne Boleyn, whose paternal grandmother, Lady Margaret Butler, was a daughter of the 7th Earl (open the collapsed family tree below).

Family tree: Thomas & Elizabeth

Lord Ormond and Queen Elizabeth were 4th cousins. The 3rd Earl of Ormond and his wife were the nearest common ancestors. James 3rd Earl c. 1359 – 1405 Anne Welles 1360–1397 James 4th Earl 1392–1452 Joan de Beauchamp 1396–1430 Richard Butler 1395–1443 of Polestown Catherine O'Reilly 1395–1420 Thomas 7th Earl 1426–1515 Anne Hankford 1431–1485 Edmund MacRichard Butler 1420–1464 Catherine O'Carroll d. 1506 William Boleyn 1451–1505 Margaret Butler c. 1454 – 1539 James Butler d. 1487 of Polestown Sabh Kavanagh Thomas Boleyn c. 1477 – 1539 Elizabeth Howard c. 1480 – 1538 Piers 8th Earl 1467–1539 Margaret FitzGerald c. 1473 – 1542 Henri VIII 1491–1547 Anne Boleyn c. 1501 – 1536 James 9th Earl 1496–1546 Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 Elizabeth 1533–1603 Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Legend XXX Thomas Butler XXX Earls of Ormond XXX Kings and Queens of England This family tree is derived from the one in Cokayne[1] and from the condensed Butler family tree pictured in Dunboyne.[2]

Elizabeth called him her "black husband."

Earl of Ormond

On 28 October 1546, when Butler was 15, his father, the 9th Earl of Ormond died in London after having been poisoned during a banquet at Ely House,^[12] probably at the instigation of Anthony St Leger, who was Lord Deputy of Ireland and a political opponent. Thomas Butler succeeded as the 10th Earl of Ormond and the 3rd Earl of Ossory. He became a ward of the King.

Ormond, as he now was, was knighted on 20 February 1547, at the coronation of Edward VI.^[13] On 10 September 1547 during the Rough Wooing he served at the Battle of Pinkie under Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset against the Scots.^[14] In 1554, during the reign of Queen Mary, Ormond helped to put down Wyatt's rebellion.^[15]

His mother remarried to Francis Bryan in 1548, and then to Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond in 1551.^[16]

In 1554 his illegitimate son, Piers FitzThomas Butler of Duisk, was born. There were unfounded rumours that Elizabeth was the mother, something which was particularly impossible at the time of Piers's birth when the Princess was away from court, imprisoned, then under house arrest, and frequent public questioning for her alleged complicity in the Wyatt Rebellion.^[17] Piers's son, Edward would become the 1st Viscount Galmoye.

On 17 November 1558 Elizabeth succeeded Mary as Queen of England.^[18] On 26 August 1559 Ormond was appointed Lord Treasurer of Ireland by the Queen,^[19][20] which automatically made him a privy councillor of Ireland.^[21]

Thomas Butler, Earl of Ormond, by Steven van der Meulen

First marriage

About 1559 Ormond married his first wife, Elizabeth Berkeley, daughter of Thomas Berkeley, 6th Baron Berkeley and Anne Savage.^[22] His bride was considered a beauty at the court. However, the marriage was not happy and she had lovers. They separated in 1564 without having had children, but she refused a divorce. She would finally die on 1 September 1582 in Bristol. That meant that Ormond did not have an heir and that according to the normal rule of succession, his younger brother Edmund was his heir presumptive.

In the 1560s Ormond built the Tudor manor-house extension to Ormonde Castle on the banks of the River Suir in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary.^[23] All of this was done to provide Elizabeth with a suitable palace at which to stay when she travelled to Ireland. Elizabeth planned twice to visit him there: once in 1602 (which visit was cancelled by her illness); and again in 1603. She died, however, before the planned visit could take place. It is known that Elizabeth appreciated Thomas's effort, and was—as she was with all of her maternal cousins—very fond of him. Thomas survived Elizabeth by 11 years.

Irish wars

Affane

Main article: Battle of Affane

Much of Ormond's life was taken up with a fierce feud with his hereditary foes, the Earls of Desmond. The Desmonds were the Ormonds' neighbours on the western and southern sides. Despite their enmity, these two families were both more or less Gaelicized Old English and had intermarried many times; the last such marriage having been that of Ormond's parents. The Desmond rebellions should also be seen in the wider picture of the Tudor conquest of Ireland.

In 1560 his mother's intervention secured a peaceful outcome to a stand-off at Bohermore (known as "the battle that never was").^[24] However, only a bit more than a month after her death on 2 January 1565,^[25] on 8 February 1565, the two sides fought the private Battle of Affane, in which her husband Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond was taken prisoner by the Ormond faction^[26] after her son Edmund had shot him into the hip with his pistol.^[27] Lords Ormond and Desmond were called to London and promised to keep the peace.

Ormond was that summer high in favour with the Queen.^[28]

First Desmond rebellion

Main article: Desmond Rebellions

The first Desmond Rebellion (1569–1573) was started by James fitz Maurice FitzGerald, captain of the Desmond forces in the earl's absence. He was supported by many Irish in southern Ireland but also by some of Ormond's six brothers, notably Edmund.^[29] The rebellion was directed against Henry Sidney the Lord Deputy of Ireland. Ormond returned to Ireland landing at Waterford in July 1569.^[30] His brothers submitted quickly.

The arms of the 10th Earl of Ormond

However, Edmund, Edward and Piers were attainted in April 1570^[31] by an act of the Irish Parliament. That meant that Edmund ceased to be Ormond's heir presumptive and the next brother, John Butler of Kilcash, took his place. However, not for long as John died on 10 May 1570.^[32] John's eldest son, Walter, therefore became heir presumptive. James fitz Maurice FitzGerald surrendered on 23 February 1573 and Gerald followed in September ending the first Desmond rebellion.

Lord Desmond was released about 1573 and allowed to return from England to Ireland. James FitzMaurice FitzGerald left for the continent.

Second Desmond rebellion

The second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583) was triggered by the landing of James fitz Maurice FitzGerald at Dingle On 17 June 1579.^[33] Lord Desmond rose in rebellion. Ormond was appointed governor of Munster and sent to Ireland.

Both rebellions desolated Munster for many years. Ormond was a Protestant belonging to the Church of Ireland^[34] and threw his great influence on the side of Queen Elizabeth I and her ministers in their efforts to crush the rebels, although he was motivated as much by factional rivalry with the Desmond dynasty as by religion. He had command of the Royal Irish Army tasked with the suppression of the rebellions, which he eventually accomplished.

Second marriage and children

At the age of 51, having been freed by the death of his estranged first wife on 1 September 1582, Ormond remarried Elizabeth Sheffield on 9 November in London. She was the daughter of John Sheffield, 2nd Baron Sheffield and Douglas, daughter of William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham.

Thomas and Elizabeth had three children:

1. John (1584–1589), died young;^[35]
2. Elizabeth (before 1593 – 1628), married 1st her first cousin Theobald, son of Thomas's brother Edmund, but Theobald died childless in 1613; she married 2ndly Richard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond, and had one daughter, Elizabeth Preston;^[36]
3. Thomas (before 1601 – 1606), died young on 17 January 1606 and is buried in Carrick-on-Suir.^[37][38]

Later life and third marriage

Ormonde Castle at Carrick on Suir

In 1580 Ormond improved Kilkenny Castle by building the great gallery.^[39]

In spring 1588, the Queen made Ormond a Knight of the Garter.^[40] When in the summer of that year the Spanish Armada menaced England, he was with her at the review of the troops at Tilbury where she gave the patriotic speech to the troop at Tilbury. He had at that occasion the honour to carry the sword of state before her.^[41]

In 1600 he helped to suppress Tyrone's Rebellion. Between April 1600 and June 1600 he was held captive by Owny MacRory O'More who had invaded Munster with Irish forces from Leinster.

Ormond's second wife died in November 1600.^[42] In June 1601 Ormond, aged 70, married his third wife, Helena Barry, daughter of David de Barry, 5th Viscount Buttevant.^[43] It was her second marriage, her first husband having been John Power. The marriage remained childless.^[44]

He was further honoured by being appointed vice-admiral of Leinster in 1602.

An anonymous manuscript originating from the library of the Irish College at Louvain^[45] tells us the following anecdote.

The 10th Earl of Ormond, as an old blind man, celebrated Christmas with his family at Carrick Castle. The adults sat at the table, while the children played on the floor around them. The Earl heard a noise behind him and asked who it was. He was told it was little Jemmy of Kilcash, Walter's grandson whipping his top. The Earl asked for the boy to be brought to him, held him on his lap, and caressed his hair. He sighed and said "My family shall be much oppressed and brought very low, but by this boy it shall be restored again and in his time be in greater splendour than ever it has been".^[46]

In 1613 his son-in-law Lord Tulleophelim died childless in his forties.^[47] A son of Lord Thomond asked for his widow Elizabeth's hand, but the King decided that she should marry Lord Dingwall, a favourite from his days in Scotland.^[48]

Death and timeline

The tenth Lord Ormond died on 22 November 1614 at Carrick^[49] and was buried at St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny.

As the Earl died without legally recognised male issue, and his younger brother Edmund was attainted, the Earldom reverted in the male line, to the Kilcash cadet branch, which had started with the third brother John Butler of Kilcash and whose living representative was John's son Walter.

Timeline
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages.
Age	Date	Event
0	1531, Feb, about	Born[lower-alpha 2]
−91	1539, 26 Aug	Father succeeded his grandfather as 9th earl.[9]
13	1546, May	Left for London[10]
−84	1546, 28 Oct	Father died poisoned in London[12]
15	1547, 28 Jan	Accession of Edward VI, succeeding Henry VIII of England[50]
15–16	1547, 20 Feb	Knighted at the coronation of Edward VI[13]
16	1547, 10 Sep	Present at the Battle of Pinkie during the Rough Wooing[14]
22	1553, 6 Jul	Accession of Queen Mary I, succeeding Edward VI of England[51]
23	1554, 10 Sep	Birth of his illegitimate son Piers FitzThomas Butler
27	1558, 17 Nov	Accession of Queen Elizabeth I, succeeding Queen Mary I[18]
28	1559, 26 Aug	Appointed Lord Treasurer of Ireland by the Queen[20]
27–28	1559, about	Married his 1st wife, Elizabeth Sheffield[22]
33	1565, 2 Jan	Mother died[25]
33–34	1565, 8 Feb	Battle of Affane[26][27]
37–38	1569	Outbreak of the 1st Desmond Rebellion
39	1570, April	His brothers Edmund, Edward, and Piers attainted[31]
47–48	1579	Outbreak of the 2nd Desmond Rebellion.
51	1582, 1 Sep	Estranged 1st wife died in Bristol.
51	1582, 9 Nov	Married his 2nd wife.
53–54	1585, about	Daughter born
57	1588, Aug	Carried the sword of state before the queen at her Tilbury speech[41]
61–62	1593	Outbreak of Tyrone's Rebellion
69	1600, Nov	2nd wife died.[42]
70	1601, Jun	Married 3rd wife[43]
72	1603, 24 Mar	Accession of King James I, succeeding Queen Elizabeth I[52]
71–72	1603	Daughter married Theobald
74	1606, 17 Jan	Son Thomas died.[37][38]
82	1613, early in	Son-in-law died[47]
82–83	1614, autumn	Daughter married Richard Preston, Lord Dingwall
82–83	1614, 22 Nov	Died at Carrick-on-Suir[49]

Offices held

Included:

• Treasurer of Ireland (1559–1614)^[20]
• Lieutenant of County Tipperary (1575)
• Lieutenant of County Kilkenny (1575)
• Lord General of the Forces in Munster (1582–1583)
• General of the Forces in Leinster (1594–1596)
• Lieutenant-General of the all Forces in Ireland (1597)
• Vice-Admiral of Leinster (1602)

Notes and references

Notes

1. This family tree is derived the one in Cokayne^[1] and from the condensed Butler family tree pictured in Dunboyne.^[2] Also see the list of children in the text.
2. Authors seem to agree that he was born either in 1531 or in 1532. Edwards (2004) says "about February 1531";^[3] Edwards (2009) says "1531–1614";^[4] Cokayne (1895)^[5] and Lee (1886)^[6] say 1532.

Citations

1. Cokayne 1895, p. 146.
2. Dunboyne 1968, pp. 16–17. "Butler Family Tree condensed"
3. Edwards 2004, p. 220. "... was born about February 1531"
4. Edwards 2009, 1st paragraph. "1531–1614"
5. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 15. "... b. [born] 1532;"
6. Lee 1886, p. 79, left column. "born in 1532"
7. Debrett 1828, p. 640. "Theobald le Boteler on whom that office [Chief Butler of Ireland] was conferred by King Henry II., 1177 ..."
8. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 5. "He m. [married], about 1520, Joan, da. [daughter] and h. [heir] of James (Fitz-Maurice FitzGerald), 11th Earl of Desmond [I. [Ireland]] ..."
9. Cokayne 1895, p. 147, line 9: "He [the 8th earl] d. [died], 26 Aug. 1539, and was bur. [buried] in the church of St. Canice, Kilkenny."
10. Edwards 2004, p. 220, left column, line 40. "Butler departed for London early in May 1544 and entered a select group of English and Welsh noble youths ..."
11. Barron 1911, p. 880, para 4, line 1. "... Earl James was poisoned at a supper in Ely House in 1546, and Thomas the Black Earl, his son and heir, was brought up at the English court, professing the reformed religion."
12. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 6. "He d. [died] in London, 28 Oct. 1546, from the effects of poison taken on the 17th at supper at Ely House, Holborn ..."
13. Lodge 1789, p. 31, line 16. "... at whose coronation 20 February 1546 [O.S.] he was made a Knight of the Bath."
14. Lodge 1789, p. 31, line 21. "... served as a volunteer under the Duke of Somerset in his Scots expedition, and behaved with great bravery in the battle of Musselburgh."
15. Dunboyne 1968, p. 13, line 12. "Black Tom won his spurs and possibly his nickname when suppressing the rebellion against Queen Mary of Sir Thomas Wyatt, whom some called White Tom."
16. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 9. "His widow m. [married] Sir Francis Bryan, Knight Marshal of Ireland, and m. subsequently (as his first wife) Gerald (Fitz James FitzGerald), 15th Earl of Desmond [I.] (the rebel earl, forfeited in 1582) ..."
17. Dunboyne 1968, p. 13, line 32. "... rather startling rumour that the Virgin Queen bore him Piers Butler of Duiske ..."
18. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 43, line 41. "Elizabeth I ... acc. 17 Nov. 1558;"
19. Burke & Burke 1909, p. 14400, left column, line 11. "... Queen Elizabeth, by whom, in 1559, he was constituted lord treasurer of Ireland. ..."
20. Lodge 1789, p. 33, line 17. "The Queen, 26 August 1559, (in the first year of her reign) made him Lord Treasurer of Ireland."
21. Lee 1886, p. 79, right column, line 5. "... took the oath as privy councillor in 1559, and became Lord Treasurer of Ireland at the same time;"
22. Edwards 2004, p. 221, left column. "Ormond married Elizabeth (1534–1582), daughter and heir of Thomas Berkeley, 6th Baron Berkeley, and his second wife, Anne, about 1559 "
23. O'Mahany 2018, p. 137. "Thomas Butler, better known as Black Tom, significantly modified the 14th-century fortress and the 15th-century tower houses, when they became integrated into the 10th Earl's new house constructed in 1565."
24. McCormack 2009, 3rd paragraph. "The following year the conflict seemed set for a dramatic climax when the two earls gathered their forces, each reputed to have been approximately 5,000 men, near Tipperary town. A bloody battle was prevented by the timely intervention of Gerald's wife, who was also Ormond's mother ..."
25. McGurk 2004, p. 809, line 44. "The death of Desmond's wife on 2 February 1565 ..."
26. Joyce 1903, p. 146, line 15. "Desmond, taken unawares, was defeated in a battle fought in 1565 at Affane in the County Waterford, and he himself was wounded and taken prisoner."
27. McGurk 2004, p. 809, left column. "On 8 February 1565 the two rival armies met at the ford of Affane on the Blackwater in co. Waterford. Desmond was wounded in the thigh and taken prisoner by Ormond, but soon released."
28. Weir 1999, p. 166, line 29. "When her distant cousin, Thomas Butler, tenth Earl of Ormonde and Lord Treasurer of Ireland, visited court, she began singling him out."
29. Lee 1886, p. 80, left column. "In June 1569 Sir Edmund, who had a personal hatred of Sidney, in temporary concert with some members of the Desmond family, broke into open revolt against the lord deputy."
30. Lee 1886, p. 80, left column, bottom. "He landed in Waterford in July 1569, and found Munster in the throes of a civil war, in which his brother Sir Edmund was matched against Sidney's lieutenant, sir Peter Carew."
31. Lee 1886, p. 80, right column, line 7. "In April [1570] Ormonde's three brothers Edmund, Edward and Piers, were attainted, and Ormonde passionately protested against the indignity."
32. Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1399, right column, line 77. "3. John, of Kilcash, to whom his father granted lands by deed, 26 May, 1544; ..."
33. McCormack 2004, p. 820, right column, bottom. "James landed at Dingle, co. Kerry, on 18 June 1579 "
34. Carte 1851, p. cxviii"I had almost forgot to observe that this earl Thomas was a protestant ..."
35. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 33. "John Butler, styled Viscount Thurles, 1st s. [son] and h. [heir] ap. [apparent], b. [born] 1584, d. [died] an infant and was bur. [buried] in Westm. [Westminster] Abbey."
36. Burke & Burke 1909, p. 14400, left column, line 20. "Elizabeth, m. [married] 1st Theobald, Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim, who d.s.p. [died childless] Jan. 1613; and 2ndly Sir Richard Preston, created a peer of Scotland, 8 June 1609, under the title of Baron Dingwall, with remainder to his heirs whatsoever ..."
37. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 35. "Thomas Butler, styled Viscount Thurles, 2nd but only surviving s. [son] and h. ap. [heir apparent], sheriff of co. Tipperary 1605; d. [died] unm. [unmarried] and v.p. [predeased his father] 12 Jan. 1605/6 and was bur. [buried] at Carrick, M.I."
38. Carrigan 1905, p. 55. "Heare lieth ... 17 of Jan An Dni 1605 [grave inscription]"
39. Edwards 1998, p. 48. "... in 1580 he modernised the design of Kilkenny Castle, hiring the local builder, Robert Freney, to construct a 'great gallery'."
40. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 20. "He was el. K.G. 23 April and inst. 27 May 1588."
41. Weir 1999, p. 392. "... the Earl of Ormonde bearing the sword of state."
42. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 27. "She [Elizabeth Sheffield] d. [died] Nov. 1600 and was bur. [buried] at St Canice. Kilkenny."
43. Edwards 2004, p. 225, left column, line 6. "At some time between 2 and 24 June 1601 Ormond married Helen (d. [died] 1642), daughter of David Barry, Viscount Buttevant ..."
44. Burke 1866, p. 25, left column. "Her lordship m. [married] 2ndly Thomas, earl of Ormonde, but had no issue;"
45. Graves 1863, p. 277, line 1. "... transferred from the Irish College at Louvain to the Burgundian Library at Bruxelles."
46. Graves 1863, p. 278–279. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
47. Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1400, left column, line 20. "... Theobald, Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim, who d.s.p. [died without issue] Jan. 1613;"
48. Bagwell 1909, p. 139. "Tullophelim died childless early in 1613, and a son of Lord Thomond's immediately sought the widow's hand, but the King insisted on her marrying Richard Preston, a Scottish gentleman of the bedchamber ..."
49. Cokayne 1895, p. 148, line 30. "He d. [died] at Carrick, 22 Nov. 1614, aged 82, having been 15 years blind."
50. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 43, line 15. "Edward VI ... acc. 28 Jan. 1547;"
51. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 43, line 27. "Mary I ... acc. 6 Jul. 1553;"
52. Fryde et al. 1986, p. 44, line 1. "James I ... acc. 24 Mar. 1603 ..."

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• McCormack, Anthony M. (October 2009). McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). "FitzGerald, Gerald fitz James". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
• McGurk, J. J. N. (2004). "FitzGerald, Gerald fitz James, fourteenth earl of Desmond (c. 1533–1583)". In Matthew, Colin; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 19. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 809–811. ISBN 0-19-861369-5.
• O'Mahany, Flora (2018). "Royalty, Ruin and Restoration". Irish Arts Review. 35 (2): 134–139. JSTOR 44972030. – Ormond Castle
• Weir, Alison (1999). Elizabeth the Queen. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7312-1.

Further reading

• Butler, Rachel Evelyn (1862). The Prophecy. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. OCLC 14815794.

Peerage of Ireland
Preceded by James Butler	Earl of Ormond Earl of Ossory 1546–1614	Succeeded by Walter Butler