The Parnassus

This article is about the fresco by Raphael. For other uses, see Parnassus (disambiguation).

The Parnassus (Italian: Il Parnaso, referring to Mount Parnassus) is a fresco painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Raphael in the Raphael Rooms ("Stanze di Raffaello"), in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome, painted at the commission of Pope Julius II.

The Parnassus
Artist	Raphael
Year	1509–1511
Type	Fresco
Dimensions	670 cm (260 in) wide
Location	Apostolic Palace, Vatican Museums, Vatican City

It was probably the second wall of the Stanza della Segnatura to be painted between 1509 and 1511,^[1] after La Disputa and before The School of Athens, which occupy other walls of the room.^[2]

Overview

The whole room shows the four areas of human knowledge: philosophy, religion, poetry and law, with The Parnassus representing poetry. The fresco shows the mythological Mount Parnassus where Apollo dwells; he is in the centre playing an instrument (a contemporary lira da braccio rather than a classical lyre), surrounded by the nine muses, nine poets from antiquity, and nine contemporary poets. Apollo, along with Calliope, the muse of epic poetry, inspired poets.^[3][4]

Raphael used the face of Laocoön from the classical sculpture Laocoön and His Sons, excavated in 1506 and also in the Vatican for his Homer (in dark blue robe to the left of centre), expressing blindness rather than pain.^[5] Two of the female figures in the fresco have been said to be reminiscent of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, Euterpe and Sappho, who is named on a scroll she holds.^[6] Sappho is the only female poet shown, presumably identified so that she is not confused with a muse; she is a late addition who does not appear in the print by Marcantonio Raimondi that records a drawing for the fresco.

The window below the fresco Parnassus frames the view of Mons Vaticanus, believed to be sacred to Apollo. Humanists, such as Biondo, Vegio, and Albertini, refer to the ancient-sun god of the Vatican.^[4]

Gallery

• 
  Statius, Thalia, Clio, Euterpe and Calliope
• 
  Erato, Ludovico Ariosto and Giovanni Boccaccio
• 
  Dante Alighieri, Homer and Virgil
• 
  Sappho
• 
  Terpsichore
• 
  Apollo

See also

• List of paintings by Raphael
• Frieze of Parnassus

Notes

1. Marcia B. Hall (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Raphael, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 195.
2. Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the School of Athens ... probably followed that of the Parnassus."
3. Paoletti, J; Radke, G (2005) [1997]. Art in Renaissance Italy. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 409. ISBN 1-85669-439-9.
4. Stinger, C (1998) [1985 (hardback)]. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Bloomington Press. p. 199. ISBN 0-253-33491-8.
5. Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, Raphael, p. 74, Yale, 1983, ISBN 0300030614
6. Joannides, P (1983). The Drawings of Raphael: With a Complete Catalogue. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-520-05087-8.

References

• Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, Raphael, Yale, 1983, ISBN 0300030614.

External links

• Media related to The Parnassus at Wikimedia Commons