Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

The Thanjavur Maratha kingdom ruled by the Bhonsle dynasty was a principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. Vyankoji Bhosale was the founder of the dynasty.

Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
1674–1855
Map of Tanjore
Approximate extent of the Thanjavur Kingdom, at the time of its accession to the British in 1798
Capital	Tanjore
Common languages	Tamil, Telugu,Marathi, Sanskrit
Religion	Hinduism
Government	Principality
Raja
• (first) 1674 - 1684	Venkoji
• (last) 1832 - 1855	Shivaji II of Thanjavur
History
• Conquest of the Madurai Nayak Kingdom by Venkoji	April 1674
• Disestablished	1855
Preceded by Succeeded by Thanjavur Nayak kingdom Ramnad estate Company rule in India
Today part of	India

Maratha conquest of Thanjavur

Following the demise of Chola rule in the 13th century (specifically around 1279), the Thanjavur area came under the rule of the Pandyas and then, following the invasion of Malik Kafur, it fell into disorder.

Pandya nadu very quickly reasserted their independence and added Thanjavur to their domain. Soon afterwards, however, they were conquered by the Vijayanagara Empire. The Emperor appointed his trusted Kin, who belonged to the Telugu-speaking Balija caste as Governors (Nayakas) of Madurai and Tanjavur.^[1] An internal family squabble between Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai Nayak dynasty and his uncle Vijayaraghava Nayaka of Tanjavur led to a war and eventually ended in the defeat of Thanjavur. The rule of the Thanjavur Nayaks lasted until 1673, when Chokkanatha Nayak, the ruler of Madurai, invaded Thanjavur and killed its ruler, Vijayaraghava.

Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijaya Raghava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the Maratha general Venkoji (alias Ekoji) to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the Marathas over Thanjavur.

Maratha kings

Venkoji

Vyankoji, a half-brother of the Maratha king Shivaji, was the first Raja of Thanjavur from the Bhosale dynasty. It is believed^{[by whom?]} that he took over the administration of Thanjavur in April 1674 and ruled until 1684. During his reign, Shivaji invaded Gingee and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the Coleroon. During the last years of his reign, Vyankoji also allied with Chokkanatha of Madurai to repulse an invasion from Mysore.

Shahuji I

Shahuji I was the eldest son of Venkoji and he ascended the throne at the age of twelve. During his reign, the Mughals occupied the Coromandel coast and Tiruchirapalli and forced him to pay tribute. Shahuji was a patron of literature. During his reign, there were frequent skirmishes and battles with the Raja of Madurai and Ramnad for control of the border lands.

Serfoji I

Serfoji I was a younger son of Venkoji and he ruled from 1712 to 1728. His rule was marked by regular warfare and disputes with the Madurai Nayaks.

Tukhoji

Tukkoji, a younger brother of Serfoji I, ruled Thanjavur from 1728 to 1736. His reign witnessed the invasion of Chanda Sahib and he is credited with having repulsed a Muslim invasion of Madurai.

Pratapsingh

A period of anarchy followed the death of Tukkoji and came to an end when Pratapsingh came to the throne in 1739. He ruled until 1763. He allied with Muhammad Ali, the Nawab of the Carnatic, and aided the British East India Company against the French East India Company in the Carnatic Wars and the Seven Years' War. He was the last king to be addressed by the Directors of the British East India Company as "His Majesty". In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur, Carnatic and the British East India Company by which he became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic.

Thuljaji

Thuljaji was a very weak ruler and the last independent ruler of Thanjavur. In 1773, Thanjavur was annexed by the Nawab of the Carnatic who ruled till 1776. The throne was restored to him by the Directors of the British East India Company but that restoration came at a heavy price as it deprived him of his independence.

Serfoji II

Thuljaji was succeeded by his teenage son Serfoji II in 1787. Soon afterwards, he was deposed by his uncle and regent Amarsingh who seized the throne for himself. With the help of the British, Serfoji II recovered the throne in 1798. A subsequent treaty forced him to hand over the reins of the kingdom to the British East India Company, becoming part of the Tanjore District (Madras Presidency). The district collectorate system was installed thereafter to manage the public revenues. Serfoji II was however left in control of the Fort and the surrounding areas. He reigned till 1832. His reign is noted for the literary, scientific and technological accomplishments of the Tanjore country.

Shivaji

Shivaji was the last Maratha ruler of Thanjavur and reigned from 1832 to 1855. As his first wife did not have any male heir, the Queen adopted her nephew, and the adoption took place after the Maharaja's (Shivaji I) death in 1855. The British did not accept this adoption and Thanjavur was annexed by them as per the provisions of the Doctrine of Lapse.

Literature

The Thanjavur Maratha rulers patronized production of literature in four languages:^[2][3]

1. Tamil (the popular language of the Thanjavur region)
2. Telugu (the language of the preceding Nayaka rulers)
3. Marathi (the language of the court elite)
4. Sanskrit (the liturgical language of the Vedic Scriptures)

The notable Marathi authors from the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom include Raghunatha Pandita, Ananda-tanaya, Gosavi-nandana and Subhan Rao. They mainly wrote short works on Puranic or other religious subjects, on the royal family members, or on the splendours of Thanjavur.^[4]

In 1693, Shahaji renamed the village of Thiruvisanallur as Shahaji-raja-puram and established an assembly of 45 scholars and poets there. These scholars included Ramabhadra Dikshita, Bhaskara Dikshita, Veda-kavi, Mahadeva-kavi, and Shridhara Venkatesvara. Shahaji's minister Tryambaka-yajvan wrote the Sanskrit-language texts Dharmakuta (a commentary on Ramayana) and Strī-dharma-paddhati. Other members of his family also composed various works. His grandson Narayana-raya wrote Vikrama-sena-champu. His brother Bhagavanta-raya wrote Mukunda-vilasa, Uttara-champu, and Raghavabhyudaya. His nephew Ananda-raya wrote Ashvala-yana-grhya-sutra-vritti, Jivananda-nataka, and Vidya-parinaya-nataka (with a commentary). His grand-nephew Nrsimha-raya wrote Tripura-vijaya-champu. Dhundhiraja, another writer patronized by Shahaji, wrote the Sanskrit-language texts Shaha-vilasa-gita and Mudra-rakshasa-vyakhya.^[4]

Serfoji built the Saraswathi Mahal Library within the precincts of the palace to house his enormous book and manuscript collection. Apart from Indian languages, Serfoji II was proficient in English, French, Dutch, Greek and Latin as well.^{[citation needed]}

Administration

The king was assisted in the administration of his country by a council of ministers. The supreme head of this council of ministers was a Mantri or Dalavoy. The Dalavoy was also the Commander-in-chief of the Army. Next in importance at the court was a Pradhani or Dewan also called Dabir Pandit. The country was divided into subahs, seemais and maganams in decreasing order of size and importance. The five subahs of the country were Pattukkottai, Mayavaram, Kumbakonam, Mannargudi and Tiruvadi.

Economy

The ruler collected his taxes from the people through his mirasdars or puttackdars. They were collected right from the village level onwards and were based on the agricultural produce of the village. Rice was one of the primary crops in the region and the land used for cultivation was owned by big landlords. It was Anatharama Sashtry who proposed collecting taxes to improve conditions for the poor. No foreign trade was carried out. The only foreign trade in the country was carried out by European traders who paid a particular amount of money as rent to the Raja. The currency system used was that of a chakram or pon (1 chakram = one and three-fourths of a British East India Company rupee). Other systems of coinage used were that of pagoda (1 pagoda = three and a half Company rupees), a big panam (one-sixth of a Company rupee) and a small panam (one-thirteenth of a Company rupee).

List of rulers

List of Bhonsle Maratha dynasty rulers of Thanjavur

S. no	Ruler	Reign (CE)
1	Venkoji Bhonsle	1674–1684
2	Shahuji Bhonsle	1684–1712
3	Serfoji Bhonsle I	1712–1728
4	Tukkoji Bhonsle	1728–1736
5	Ekoji II	1736–1737
6	Sujana Bai	1737–1738
7	Shahuji II	1738–1739
8	Pratapsingh Bhonsle	1739–1763
9	Thuljaji Bhonsle	1763–1773 and 1776–1787
10	Serfoji Bhonsle II	1787–1793 and 1798–1832
11	Amar Singh	1793–1798
12	Shivaji Bhonsle	1832–1855

Family tree

Family tree of Maratha Rajas of Thanjavur

Biological Child   Adopted Child Vyankoji I (1) r. 1675-1684 Shahuji I (2) r. 1684-1712 Serfoji I (3) r. 1712-1728 Tukkoji (4) r. 1728-1736 Shahuji II (7) r. 1738-1739 Sujana Bai (6) r. 1737-1738 Vyankoji II (5) r. 1736-1737 Pratap Singh (8) r. 1739-1763 Thuljaji (9) r. 1763-1773, 1776-1787 Amar Singh (11) r. 1793-1798 Serfoji II (10) r. 1787-1793, 1798-1832 Shivaji (12) r. 1832-1855 Muktamba Bai (13) – Titular – r. 1855-1885 Shambusinghji Rao (14) – Titular – r. 1885-1891

See also

• Maratha Empire
• List of Maratha dynasties and states
• Thanjavur Marathi people

References

1. • G. S. Ghurye, ed. (1969). Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan. p. 106. The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas, traders by caste

   • Eugene F. Irschick, ed. (1969). Politics and Social Conflict in South India. University of California Press. p. 8. The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus

   • Sheldon Pollock, ed. (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. p. 413. .... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.

   • David Shulman, ed. (2020). Classical Telugu Poetry. University of California Press. p. 57. ..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.

   Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan, ed. (2007). "Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region". Itihas. 33. Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute: 145. ....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas , who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.

   • Muzaffar Alam, ed. (1998). The Mug̲h̲al State, 1526-1750. Oxford University Press. p. 35. As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.

   • A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996). Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D. Osmania University. p. 145. After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms
2. Julia Leslie (1994). "Recycling Ancient Material: An Orthodox View of Hindu Women". In Leonie J. Archer; Susan Fischler; Maria Wyke (eds.). Women in Ancient Societies: An Illusion of the Night. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 237. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23336-6_13. ISBN 9780333523971.
3. Anwar, Kombai S. (26 April 2018). "Thanjavur emerged as a thriving cultural capital under the Marathas". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
4. Isobel Julia Leslie (1989). The Perfect Wife: The Orthodox Hindu Woman according to the Strīdharmapaddhati of Tryambakayajvan. Oxford University South Asian Studies Series. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–19.