TOGO

This article is about the Japanese roller coaster manufacturer. For the African state, see Togo. For other uses, see Togo (disambiguation).

TOGO (株式会社トーゴ, Kabushiki-gaisha Tōgo) was a Japanese amusement ride company that built roller coasters, giant wheels, carousels, flumes, dark rides, sky cycles and other amusement rides.

TOGO

Native name	Toyo Goraku Ki Kabushiki Kaisha
Formerly	Toyo Gorakuki
Industry	Amusement rides
Founded	1935 (1935)
Founder	Teiichi Yamada
Defunct	July 2001 (July 2001)
Fate	Bankruptcy
Area served	Worldwide (Excluding Western Hemisphere)
Products	Roller coasters
Website	http://www.tohgo.co.jp/

Fujiyama, a TOGO hypercoaster

History

In 1935 Mr. Teiichi Yamada founded the Toyo Gorakuki Company and built his first attraction, a five-foot mechanical walking elephant that was a popular attraction at one of Tokyo's neighborhood parks.^[1] Yamada reorganized his company in 1949 and changed the name to TOGO. TOGO built its first roller coaster in 1953, at Hanayashiki Park in Tokyo. That coaster is still in operation and is the oldest coaster in Japan.^[1]

In 1965 TOGO built Cyclone at Toshimaen Park, which at the time, was the largest coaster in Asia. The company also began to expand its export business, selling coasters in Russia, Cuba and China.^[1] Although the company built a variety of different rides in Japan, its export business was primarily roller coasters. In 1979, TOGO installed standup trains on two of its existing coasters in Japan, Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster at Yomiuriland and Dangai at Thrill Valley, creating the world's first stand-up roller coasters. These two installations captured the attention of Taft/Kings Entertainment company, who then purchased TOGO's Astro-Comet, the world's first coaster designed from the ground up as a stand-up roller coaster, installing at Kings Island as King Cobra.^[1]

In 1986 TOGO developed the Ultra Twister Coaster. This unique concept had rails on the side of the vehicle allowing the coaster to perform true heartline rolls as it navigated the course. TOGO also incorporated a vertical lift hill and near-vertical drop into the ride.^[2] TOGO built seven of these models, all similar, but not identical to each other. The original versions were not capable of making turns, so all seven operated as shuttles. However, TOGO did display a full-circuit model at the IAAPA trade show in the mid-1990s that was capable of making turns, but the ride was never built.^[2] In the fall of 1989, Arrow Dynamics began building a similar concept called the Pipeline, which failed to get past the prototype stage.^[3]

TOGO went bankrupt in 2001 due to a lawsuit by Knott's Berry Farm for problems with their Windjammer Surf Racers roller coaster.^{[citation needed]} TOGO created several unique coasters, including its combination of a looping sit-down coaster and a hypercoaster with its Manhattan Express coaster in Las Vegas (now known as "The Big Apple Coaster"). The looping wild mouse by TOGO was a style of ride with a drop into a vertical loop, followed by the hairpin turns and drops of a wild mouse coaster. The former Windjammer coaster at Knott's berry Farm was a variation of the looping wild mouse; it didn't feature any hairpin turns.

TOGO is also renowned for inventing the Twist-and-Dive roll, an inversion maneuver that combines elements of a half-heartline roll with a half-loop.^{[citation needed]} A version of this maneuver included a half-oblique loop instead of a half-loop, so riders exited the element at an angle. This was used on the now-defunct Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure.

In 2018, TOGO announced a possible comeback after releasing a concept of their new stand up coaster model.

Notable rides

• Bandit at Yomiuriland – It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1988 and inspired Richard Kinzel of Cedar Point to build Magnum XL 200.^[4]
• Big Apple Coaster at New York-New York Hotel & Casino (first opened in 1997 as the "Manhattan Express").
• Freestyle is a stand-up roller coaster operating at Cavallino Matto in Tuscany, Italy. It opened as the park's fifth roller coaster on 18 July 2015. Freestyle originally opened at Canada's Wonderland in 1985 as SkyRider
• Fujiyama – A hypercoaster at Fuji-Q Highland, Japan. Until 2000, it was the tallest roller coaster in the world.
• King Cobra at Kings Island (1984–2001) – The world's first coaster designed specifically to be a stand-up looping coaster. It was taken down and scrapped after TOGO went out of business, making parts very expensive.
• Shockwave – Kings Dominion, Doswell, Virginia. Built in 1986 Specifically for Kings Dominion, was retired August 9, 2015.
• SkyRider – Canada's Wonderland Opening date May 1985, retired in 2014 dismantled and sent to Italy.
• Ultra Twister – A pipeline roller coaster that uses single cars that ride between the rails. Because of the design, the cars are unable to make lateral turns and require switch tracks at either end of the ride.
• Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure – A roller coaster that featured a unique heartline roll. The ride was scrapped in 2005, and its station was re-used for El Toro.
• White Canyon at Yomiuriland – White Canyon was the tallest and longest Cyclone-style roller coaster in the world before it closed in 2013.
• Windjammer Surf Racers at Knott's Berry Farm – a twin racing coaster with 65-foot vertical loops. This coaster was a massive failure, and part of the lawsuits would lead to TOGO's bankruptcy.

List of roller coasters

As of 2019, TOGO has built 61 roller coasters around the world.^[5]

Name	Model	Park	Country	Opened	Status	Ref
Jet Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Nagashima Spa Land	Japan	1966	Operating	[6]
Diving Shooter	Sitdown Coaster	Itozu No Mori Park	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[7]
Cycle Coaster	Cycle Coaster	Enakyo Wonderland	Japan	Unknown	Operating	[8]
Jet Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Kagoshima Jungle Land	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[9]
Crazy Mouse	Looping Mouse II	Kagoshima Jungle Land	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[10]
Jungle Mouse	Wild Mouse Coaster	Yoshinogawa Yuenchi	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[11]
Rushing Car	Rushing Car	Tokyo Summer Land	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[12]
Rushing Car	Rushing Car	Tengu Land	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[13]
Rushing Car	Rushing Car	Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[14]
Rushing Car	Wild Mouse Coaster	Kashiikaen Yuenchi	Japan	Unknown	Removed	[15]
Unknown Formerly Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister I	Six Flags America Six Flags AstroWorld Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	Unknown 1990 to 2005 1986 to 1988	Removed	[16] [17] [18]
Roller Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Hanayashiki	Japan	1953	Operating	[19]
Sea Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Yatsu Yuenchi	Japan	1958	Removed	[20]
Cyclone	Sitdown Coaster	Toshimaen	Japan	1965	Removed	[21]
2WAY Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Tokyo Dome City	Japan	1968	Removed	[22]
Diving Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	GrinPa	Japan	1973	Removed	[23]
Bobster	Bobster	Takakonuma Greenland	Japan	1973	Removed	[24]
Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster Formerly Standing and Loop Coaster	Standing Coaster Astro Comet II	Yomiuriland	Japan	1979	Removed	[25]
Crazy Mouse	Looping Mouse II	Tobu Zoo Park	Japan	1981	Removed	[26]
Bobster	Bobster	Shirakaba Resort Family Land Nakajima Park	Japan	1982 1974 to 1981	Operating	[27] [28]
King Cobra	Standing Coaster Astro Comet	Kings Island	United States	1984	Removed	[29]
Standing Coaster	Standing Coaster Astro Comet II	Rusutsu Resort Otaru Expo	Japan	1985 1984	Operating	[30] [31]
Adventure Coaster	Diving Shooter	Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen	Japan	1985	Removed	[32]
Montaña Rusa	Bobster	Parque Lenin	Cuba	1985	Removed	[33]
Shockwave	Standing Coaster Custom	Kings Dominion	United States	1986	Removed	[34]
Pink Typhoon Standing Coaster Formerly Star Jet	Standing Coaster Astro Comet	Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland Tsukuba Expo	Japan	1986 1985	Operating	[35] [36]
Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister I	Tokyo Dome City	Japan	1986	Removed	[37]
Loop Screw Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Seibuen Yuenchi	Japan	1986	Removed	[38]
Roller Coaster	Loop & Corkscrew	Beijing Amusement Park	China	1987	Removed	[39]
Bandit	Super Roller Coaster	Yomiuriland	Japan	1988	Operating	[40]
SL Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Yomiuriland	Japan	1988	Removed	[41]
Zola 7	Shooting Coaster	Fuji-Q Highland	Japan	1988	Removed	[42]
Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister I	Nagashima Spa Land	Japan	1989	Operating	[43]
SL Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom	Japan	1989	Removed	[44]
Dangai	Standing Coaster Custom	Thrill Valley	Japan	1989	Removed	[45]
Super Roller Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Fantasy Dome Tomakomai	Japan	1990	Removed	[46]
Milky Way Formerly Fujin-Raijin Formerly Ultra Twin Formerly Fujin-Raijin	Standing Coaster Custom	Greenland International Flower and Greenery Exposition	Japan	1991 1990	Operating	[47]
Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister I	Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland	Japan	1991	Operating	[48]
Fujin Raijin II	Standing Coaster Custom	Expoland	Japan	1992	Removed	[49]
Geopanic	Sitdown Coaster	Tokyo Dome City	Japan	1992	Removed	[50]
DIOS	Super Roller Coaster	Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen	Japan	1992	Removed	[51]
Aladdin Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Alibaba City	Japan	1992	Removed	[52]
Surf Coaster Leviathan Formerly Surf Coaster	Super Roller Coaster	Sea Paradise	Japan	1993	Operating	[53]
Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister S-II	Rusutsu Resort World Food Festival	Japan	1989 1988	Operating	[54] [55]
Unknown	Sitdown Coaster	Fantasy Dome Seiro	Japan	1994	Removed	[56]
Vegas Panic	Looping Mouse Custom	Fantasy Dome Kishiwada	Japan	1994	Removed	[57]
Ultra Twister Megaton	Ultra Twister I	Greenland	Japan	1994	Operating	[58]
White Canyon	Wooden Coaster	Yomiuriland	Japan	1994	Removed	[59]
Clipper	Sitdown Coaster	Space World	Japan	1995	Removed	[60]
Viper	Mega Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	1995	Removed	[61]
Fujiyama	Sitdown Coaster	Fuji-Q Highland	Japan	1996	Operating	[62]
Mega Coaster	Mega Coaster	Hamanako Pal Pal	Japan	1997	Operating	[63]
Big Apple Coaster Formerly The Roller Coaster Formerly Manhattan Express	Mega Coaster	New York, New York Hotel & Casino	United States	1997	Operating	[64]
Windjammer Surf Racers Formerly Jammer	Looping Mouse Custom	Knott's Berry Farm	United States	1997	Removed	[65]
Kiddy Shuttle	Kiddy Shuttle	Thrill Valley	Japan	1998	Removed	[66]
Crazy Mouse	Looping Mouse II	Kitami Family Land	Japan	2000	Operating	[67]
Hyper Kid Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Fantasy Dome	Japan	2000	Closed	[68]
Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster	Sitdown Coaster	Tokyo DisneySea	Japan	2001	Operating	[69]
Actpo Kometa	Sitdown Coaster	Maviland Metalworkers' Palace	Russia	2002 1992 to 2000	Removed	[70] [71]
Go Go Sneaker	Sitdown Coaster	Rusutsu Resort Kintetsu Ayameike	Japan	2005 Unknown	Operating	[72] [73]
Hurricane - Screw & Loop Coaster Formerly Tornado	Loop & Corkscrew	Himeji Central Park Kintetsu Ayameike	Japan	2007 1981 to 2004	Operating	[74] [75]
Ultra Coaster Formerly Ultra Twister	Ultra Twister I	Marah Land Sabahiya Ikoma Skyland	Kuwait	2008 2004 to 2006	Removed	[76] [77]
Bledek Coaster Formerly Loop & Cork	Looping Mouse I	Suroboyo Carnival Night Market Jawa Timur Park 2 Maruyama KidLand Nakajima Park	Indonesia	2014 Unknown 1995 to 2010 1982 to 1994	Removed	[78][79] [80] [81] [82]
Grand Canyon Formerly Cobra Formerly Kiddy Shuttle	Kiddy Shuttle	Parc de la Vallée Lunapark Fréjus Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen	France	2014 2004 to 2011 1998 to 2002	Operating	[83] [84] [85]
Freestyle Formerly SkyRider	Standing Coaster Astro Comet	Cavallino Matto Canada's Wonderland	Italy	2015 1985 to 2014	Operating	[86] [87]

References

1. Ruben, Paul (1988). "Innovative thrills from TOGO". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 9, no. 3. Chicago, Illinois: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50–53. ISSN 0896-7261.
2. Seifert, Jeffrey (2007). "The first pipeline coaster — Ultra Twister". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 28, no. 2. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50–53. ISSN 0896-7261.
3. "1990 Arrow Dynamics announces the 'Pipeline Coaster'". 25 November 2007.
4. Holmes, Scott; Holmes, Carol (2009). "20 years of Magnum". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 30, no. 4. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0896-7261.
5. TOGO - rcdb.com
6. Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
7. Marden, Duane. "Diving Shooter  (Itozu No Mori Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
8. Marden, Duane. "Cycle Coaster  (Enakyo Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
9. Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
10. Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
11. Marden, Duane. "Jungle Mouse  (Yoshinogawa Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
12. Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Tokyo SummerLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
13. Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Tengu Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
14. Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
15. Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Kashiikaen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
16. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
17. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
18. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
19. Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Hanayashiki)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
20. Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Yatsu Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
21. Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
22. Marden, Duane. "2Way Coaster  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
23. Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (GrinPa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
24. Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Takakonuma Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
25. Marden, Duane. "Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
26. Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Tobu Zoo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
27. Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Shirakaba Resort Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
28. Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
29. Marden, Duane. "King Cobra  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
30. Marden, Duane. "Standing Coaster  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
31. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Otaru Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
32. Marden, Duane. "Adventure Coaster  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
33. Marden, Duane. "Montaña Rusa  (Parque Lenin)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
34. Marden, Duane. "Shockwave  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
35. Marden, Duane. "Star Jet  (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
36. Marden, Duane. "Star Jet  (Tsukuba Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
37. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
38. Marden, Duane. "Loop Screw  (Seibuen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
39. Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Beijing Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
40. Marden, Duane. "Bandit  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
41. Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
42. Marden, Duane. "Zola 7  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
43. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
44. Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster  (Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
45. Marden, Duane. "Dangai  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
46. Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster  (Fantasy Dome Tomakomai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
47. Marden, Duane. "Milky Way  (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
48. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
49. Marden, Duane. "Fujin Raijin II  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
50. Marden, Duane. "Geopanic  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
51. Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster DIOS  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
52. Marden, Duane. "Aladdin Coaster  (Alibaba City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
53. Marden, Duane. "Surf Coaster Leviathan  (Sea Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
54. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
55. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (World Food Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
56. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Dome Seiro)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
57. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Dome Kishiwada)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
58. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister Megaton  (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
59. Marden, Duane. "White Canyon  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
60. Marden, Duane. "Clipper  (Space World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
61. Marden, Duane. "Viper  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
62. Marden, Duane. "Fujiyama  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
63. Marden, Duane. "Mega Coaster  (Hamanako Pal Pal)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
64. Marden, Duane. "Big Apple Coaster  (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
65. Marden, Duane. "Windjammer SurF Racers  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
66. Marden, Duane. "Kiddy Shuttle  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
67. Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Kitami Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
68. Marden, Duane. "Hyper Kid Coaster  (Fantasy Dome)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
69. Marden, Duane. "Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster  (Tokyo DisneySea)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
70. Marden, Duane. "Actpo Kometa  (Maviland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
71. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Metalworkers' Palace)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
72. Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
73. Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker  (Kinetetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
74. Marden, Duane. "Hurricane Screw & Loop Coaster  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
75. Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Kintetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
76. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Coaster  (Marah Land Sabahiya)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
77. Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Ikoma Skyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
78. Marden, Duane. "Bledek Coaster  (Suroboyo Carnival Night Market)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
79. Widiyana, Esti (January 25, 2021). "Surabaya Night Carnival Riwayatmu Kini". news.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved February 11, 2021.
80. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Jawa Timur Park 2)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
81. Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork  (Maruyama KidLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
82. Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork  (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
83. Marden, Duane. "Grand Canyon  (Parc de la Vallée)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
84. Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (Lunapark Fréjus)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
85. Marden, Duane. "Kddy Shuttle  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
86. Marden, Duane. "Freestyle  (Cavallino Matto)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
87. Marden, Duane. "SkyRider  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.