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Type of surgery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
If medical treatment is not effective, surgery may need to be performed for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
| Surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia | |
|---|---|
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) |
There are two invasive surgical procedures done for BPH:
There are two types of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): the standard monopolar and the newer bipolar procedure. A 2019 Cochrane review of 59 studies that included 8924 men with urinary symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.[4] This review found that bipolar and monopolar TURP probably results in comparable improvements in urinary symptoms, as well as a similar erectile function, the incidence of urinary incontinence, and the need for retreatment. Bipolar surgery likely reduces the risk of TUR syndrome and the need for blood transfusion.[citation needed]
Efforts to find newer surgical methods have resulted in newer approaches and different types of energies being used to treat the enlarged gland. However some of the newer methods for reducing the size of an enlarged prostate, have not been around long enough to fully establish their safety or side-effects. These include various methods to destroy or remove part of the excess tissue while trying to avoid damaging what remains. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate (TVP), laser TURP, visual laser ablation (VLAP), ethanol injection, and others are studied as alternatives.[5]
Minimally invasive therapies can offer faster recovery compared with traditional prostate surgery.[6] They can further be divided into laser surgery (requiring spinal anesthesia) and other non-laser procedures.
Prostate laser surgery is used to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by prostate enlargement. The surgeon inserts a scope through the penis tip into the urethra. A laser passed through the scope delivers energy to shrink or remove excess tissue that is preventing urine flow.[7]
Different types of prostate laser surgery include:
Both wavelengths, GreenLight and Holmium, ablate approximately one to two grams of tissue per minute.[citation needed]
Post-surgical care often involves placement of a Foley catheter or a temporary prostatic stent to permit healing and allow urine to drain from the bladder.
These procedures are typically performed with local anesthesia, and the patient returns home the same day. Some urologists have studied and published long-term data on the outcomes of these procedures, with data out to five years.
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) was originally approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996, with the first generation system by EDAP Technomed. Since 1996, other companies have received FDA approval for TUMT devices, including Urologix, Dornier, Thermatrix, Celsion, and Prostalund. Multiple clinical studies have been published on TUMT. The general principle underlying all the devices is that a microwave antenna that resides in a urethral catheter is placed in the intraprostatic area of the urethra. The catheter is connected to a control box outside of the patient's body and is energized to emit microwave radiation into the prostate to heat the tissue and cause necrosis. It is a one-time treatment that takes approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the system used. It takes approximately 4 to 6 weeks for the damaged tissue to be reabsorbed into the patient's body.
Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) operates with a different type of energy, radio frequency (RF) energy, but is designed along the same premise as TUMT devices, that the heat the device generates will cause necrosis of the prostatic tissue and shrink the prostate. The TUNA device is inserted into the urethra using a rigid scope much like a cystoscope. The energy is delivered into the prostate using two needles that emerge from the sides of the device, through the urethral wall and into the prostate. The needle-based ablation devices are very effective at heating a localized area to a high enough temperature to cause necrosis. The treatment is typically performed in one session, but may require multiple sticks of the needles depending on the size of the prostate. The most recent American Urological Association (AUA) Guidelines for the Treatment of BPH from 2018 stated that "TUNA is not recommended for the treatment of LUTS/BPH".[11]
Water vapour thermal therapy (marketed as Rezum) is a newer office procedure for removing prostate tissue using steam. Several studies including a four-year follow-up provided evidence for improvement of BPH symptoms, preserved sexual function, and low surgical retreatment rates.[12][13]
Prostatic urethral lift (marketed as Urolift) is a procedure for men with urinary symptoms caused by prostate enlargement. It consists of placing small hooks that compress the prostate tissue to open the urinary stream without cutting or removing tissue. This procedure likely improves quality of life without additional negative side effects when compared with a sham surgery.[14]
Compared with transurethral resection of the prostate, the standard surgery for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, this procedure may be less effective in reducing urinary symptoms but may preserve ejaculation and have fewer unwanted effects on erections.[14]
Temporary implantable nitinol device (marketed as TIND and iTIND) is a device that is placed in the urethra that, when released, is expanded, reshaping the urethra and the bladder neck.
The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines for the treatment of BPH from 2018 list minimally invasive therapies including TUMT - but not TUNA - as acceptable alternatives for certain patients with BPH.[11] However, the European Association of Urology (EAU) has - as of 2019 - removed both TUMT and TUNA from its guidelines.[15]
The two most feared complications of prostate surgery are erectile dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence.[16] The type of complications depend on the treatment modality used:
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) of the UK in 2018 classified some novel methods as follows.[22]
Recommended:
Not recommended:
The success of surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – as measured by a significant reduction of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) – strongly depends on a reliable (unequivocal) pre-surgery diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). A pre-surgery diagnosis of other LUTS only, such as overactive bladder (OAB) with or without urinary incontinence predicts little or no success after surgery.[27]
If BOO is present or not can be determined by reliable non-invasive tests, such as the Penile cuff test (PCT). In this test, first published in 1997, a software-steered inflatable cuff (similar as in a blood pressure meter) is placed around the penis to measure the pressure of urinary flow.[28] By applying this methode, a study of 2013 showed that 94% of the patients with the pre-surgery test result "Obstruction" had a successful surgery outcome. In contrast, 70% of the patients with the pre-surgery test result "No Obstruction" had a non-successful surgery outcome.[29][27]
If BPH with obstruction additionally presents with overactive bladder (OAB), which is the case in about 50% of patients,[30] this latter symptom (OAB) persists even post-surgery in about 20% of patients. However, this rate only applies to a period of a few years. 10–15 years after surgery 48 of 55 patients (87%) with obstruction and OAB had kept their post-surgery reduction of obstruction, but their OAB symptoms had gone back to the pre-surgery status.[31]
The UNBLOCS trial compared using transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) to the thulium laser transurethral vaporesection of the prostate (ThuVARP). Both methods led to similar improvements, number of complications and lengths of hospital stay. Both were effective as treatment but TURP resulted in a better urinary flow rate.[32][33]
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