List of Mesopotamian dynasties

The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

A selection of Mesopotamian rulers: Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (top left; c. 2500 BC), Naram-Sin of Akkad (top right; c. 2254–2218 BC), Marduk-nadin-ahhe of Babylon (bottom left; c. 1095–1078 BC), and Sargon II of Assyria (bottom right; 722–705 BC)

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),^[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC)

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.^[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.^[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.^[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

Century	Kish	Uruk	Ur	Lagash	Umma	Adab
c. 2600s BC	Enmebaragesi[5]Aga of Kish Uhub Mesilim Meskiagnun[3] Elulu[3]	Gilgamesh[3][5]	A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug[6] Akalamdug[6] Mesannepada[3] A'annepada[6] Meskiagnun[3] Elulu[3]
c. 2500s BC				En-hegal Lugalshaengur Ur-Nanshe[6] Akurgal[6]	Pabilgagaltuku Ush
c. 2400s BC	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Eannatum[6] Enannatum I[6] Entemena[6] Enannatum II[6] Enentarzi[6]	Enakalle Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu Edin Meanedu Ushurdu	Lugal-Anne-Mundu Mug-si E-iginimpa'e
c. 2300s BC	Lugal-zage-si[3]	Enshakushanna Lugal-zage-si[3]	Lugalanda[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si[3]	Lugalanda[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si[3]	Ukush Lugal-zage-si[3]	Meskigal Lugal-zage-si[3]

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC)

Akkad			Gutium			Lagash			Uruk / Ur
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Sargonic dynasty
Sargon	c. 2334–2279 BC	[7]
Rimush	c. 2278–2270 BC	[7]
Manishtushu	c. 2269–2255 BC	[7]				Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sin	c. 2254–2218 BC	[7]	Gutian dynasty			Lugal-ushumgal	c. 2230–2210 BC
Shar-Kali-Sharri	c. 2217–2193 BC	[7]	Erridupizir	c. 2220–2202 BC		Puzer-Mama	around 2210 BC		Fourth dynasty of Uruk
			Imta	c. 2202–2199 BC		Ur-Ningirsu I	around 2200 BC		Ur-nigin	around 2200 BC
						Pirig-me	around 2200 BC		Ur-gigir	around 2200 BC
			Inkishush	c. 2199–2195 BC
Igigi (non-dynastic)	c. 2193 BC	[7]	Sarlagab	c. 2195–2192 BC					Kuda	uncertain
Imi (non-dynastic)	c. 2192 BC	[7]	Shulme	c. 2192–2186 BC		Lu-Baba	uncertain		Puzur-ili	uncertain
Nanum (non-dynastic)	c. 2191 BC	[7]
Ilulu (non-dynastic)	c. 2190 BC	[7]				Lugula	uncertain		Ur-Utu	uncertain
Dudu	c. 2189–2169 BC	[7]	Elulmesh	c. 2186–2180 BC
			Inimabakesh	c. 2180–2175 BC
			Igeshaush	c. 2175–2169 BC		Kaku	uncertain
Shu-turul	c. 2168–2154 BC	[7]	Yarlagab	c. 2169–2154 BC
Akkad defeated by the Gutians
			Ibate	c. 2154–2151 BC		Ur-Baba	c. 2157–2144 BC
			Yarla	c. 2151–2148 BC
			Kurum	c. 2148–2147 BC
			Apilkin	c. 2147–2144 BC
			La-erabum	c. 2144–2142 BC		Gudea	c. 2144–2124 BC
			Irarum	c. 2142–2140 BC
			Ibranum	c. 2140–2139 BC
			Hablum	c. 2139–2137 BC
			Puzur-Suen	c. 2137–2130 BC
			Yarlaganda	c. 2130–2123 BC
			Si'um	c. 2123–2116 BC		Ur-Ningirsu II	c. 2124–2119 BC		Fifth dynasty of Uruk
			Tirigan	c. 2116 BC		Ur-gar	c. 2117–2113 BC		Utu-hengal	c. 2119–2113 BC
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of Uruk									Third dynasty of Ur
						Nam-mahani	c. 2113–2110 BC		Ur-Nammu	c. 2112–2095 BC	[8]
						Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of Ur			Shulgi	c. 2094–2047 BC	[8]
									Amar-Sin	c. 2046–2038 BC	[8]
									Shu-Sin	c. 2037–2029 BC	[8]
									Ibbi-Sin	c. 2028–2004 BC	[8]

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC)

Southern Mesopotamia												Northern Mesopotamia
Isin			Larsa			Babylon			Uruk			Eshnunna			Assyria
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
First dynasty of Isin			Dynasty of Larsa									Dynasty of Eshnunna			Puzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Erra	c. 2017–1985 BC	[8]	Naplanum	c. 2025–2005 BC	[8]							Ituria	uncertain	[9]	Puzur-Ashur I[a]	uncertain	[10]
			Emisum	c. 2004–1977 BC	[8]							Ilushuilia	uncertain	[9]	Shalim-ahum	uncertain	[10]
Shu-Ilishu	c. 1984–1975 BC	[8]										Nurakhum	uncertain	[9]	Ilu-shuma	uncertain	[10]
Iddin-Dagan	c. 1974–1954 BC	[8]	Samium	c. 1976–1942 BC	[8]							Kirikiri	uncertain	[9]	Erishum I	c. 1974–1935 BC	[10]
Ishme-Dagan	c. 1953–1935 BC	[8]	Zabaia	c. 1941–1933 BC	[8]							Bilalama	uncertain	[9]
Lipit-Eshtar	c. 1934–1924 BC	[8]	Gungunum	c. 1932–1906 BC	[8]							Azuzum	uncertain	[9]	Ikunum	c. 1934–1921 BC	[10]
Ur-Ninurta	c. 1923–1896 BC	[8]	Abisare	c. 1905–1895 BC	[8]	Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I)						Ipiq-Adad I	uncertain	[9]	Sargon I	c. 1920–1881 BC	[10]
Bur-Suen	c. 1895–1874 BC	[8]	Sumuel	c. 1894–1866 BC	[8]	Sumu-abum	c. 1894–1881 BC	[11]				Shiqlanum	uncertain	[9]
Lipit-Enlil	c. 1873–1869 BC	[8]										Abdi-Erah	uncertain	[9]	Puzur-Ashur II	c. 1880–1873 BC	[10]
Erra-imitti	c. 1868–1861 BC	[8]	Nur-Adad	c. 1865–1850 BC	[8]	Sumu-la-El	c. 1880–1845 BC	[11]	Sixth dynasty of Uruk			Belakum	uncertain	[9]
Enlil-bani	c. 1860–1837 BC	[8]	Sin-Iddinam	c. 1849–1843 BC	[8]				Sin-kashid	uncertain	[12]	Warassa	uncertain	[9]	Naram-Sin	c. 1872–1829 BC	[10]
Zambiya	c. 1836–1834 BC	[8]	Sin-Eribam	c. 1842–1841 BC	[8]	Sabium	c. 1844–1831 BC	[11]	Sin-eribam	uncertain	[12]	Ibal-pi-El I	uncertain	[9]
Iter-pisha	c. 1833–1831 BC	[8]	Sin-Iqisham	c. 1840–1836 BC	[8]				Sin-gamil	uncertain	[12]	Ipiq-Adad II	uncertain	[9]
			Silli-Adad	c. 1835 BC	[8]				An-am	uncertain	[12]	Naram-Sin	uncertain	[9]
Ur-du-kuga	c. 1830–1828 BC	[8]	Warad-Sin	c. 1834–1823 BC	[13]				Irdanene	uncertain	[12]	Dadusha	uncertain	[9]
Suen-magir	c. 1827–1817 BC	[8]	Rim-Sin I[b]	c. 1822–1763 BC	[13]	Apil-Sin	c. 1830–1813 BC	[11]	Rîm-Anum	uncertain	[12]	Ibal-pi-El II	c. 1762 BC	[9]	Erishum II	c. 1828–1809 BC	[10]
															Shamshi-Adad dynasty
Damiq-ilishu	c. 1816–1794 BC	[8]				Sin-Muballit	c. 1812–1793 BC	[11]	Nabi-ilishu	c. 1802 BC	[12]				Shamshi-Adad I	c. 1808–1776 BC	[10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa
						Hammurabi	c. 1792–1750 BC	[11]	Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon			Eshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of Elam			Ishme-Dagan I	c. 1775–1735 BC	[10]
Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC)

Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia)									Northern Mesopotamia
Babylon			Kassites			Sealand			Assyria
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued)			Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)			First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II)			Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)
Samsu-iluna	c. 1749–1712 BC	[11]	Gandash	c. 1729–1704 BC	[14]	Ilum-ma-ili	c. 1725–? BC	[15]	Mut-Ashkur	uncertain	[16]
									Rimush	uncertain	[16]
Abi-Eshuh	c. 1711–1684 BC	[11]	Agum I	c. 1703–1682 BC	[14]	Itti-ili-nibi	uncertain	[15]	Asinum	uncertain	[16]
									Seven usurpers
									Ashur-dugul	uncertain	[16]
									Ashur-apla-idi		[16]
									Nasir-Sin		[16]
									Sin-namir		[16]
									Ipqi-Ishtar		[16]
									Adad-salulu		[16]
									Adasi		[16]
									Adaside dynasty
						Damqi-ilishu	uncertain	[15]	Bel-bani	c. 1700–1691 BC	[16]
			Kashtiliash I	c. 1681–1660 BC	[14]				Libaya	c. 1691–1674 BC	[16]
Ammi-Ditana	c. 1683–1647 BC	[11]	Abi-Rattash	uncertain	[17]	Ishkibal	uncertain	[15]	Sharma-Adad I	c. 1673–1662 BC	[16]
									Iptar-Sin	c. 1661–1650 BC	[16]
Ammi-Saduqa	c. 1646–1626 BC	[11]				Shushushi	uncertain	[15]	Bazaya	c. 1649–1622 BC	[16]
Samsu-Ditana	c. 1625–1595 BC	[11]	Kashtiliash II	uncertain	[17]	Gulkishar	uncertain	[15]	Lullaya	c. 1621–1616 BC	[16]
									Shu-Ninua	c. 1615–1602 BC	[16]
									Sharma-Adad II	c. 1601–1598 BC	[16]
Babylon destroyed by the Hittites			Urzigurumash	uncertain	[17]	Peshgaldaramesh	c. 1599–1549 BC	[15]	Erishum III	c. 1598–1586 BC	[16]
			Agum II	uncertain	[17]				Shamshi-Adad II	c. 1585–1580 BC	[16]
			Harba-Shipak	uncertain	[17]				Ishme-Dagan II	c. 1580–1564 BC	[16]
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)			Shipta'ulzi	uncertain	[17]				Shamshi-Adad III	c. 1564–1548 BC	[16]
Burnaburiash I[c]	c. 1530–1500 BC	[18]	Burnaburiash I	c. 1530–1500 BC	[18]	Ayadaragalama	c. 1548–1520 BC	[15]	Ashur-nirari I	c. 1548–1522 BC	[16]
						Akurduana	c. 1519–1493 BC	[15]	Puzur-Ashur III	c. 1522–1498 BC	[16]
Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	[17]	Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	[17]	Melamkurkurra	c. 1492–1485 BC	[15]	Enlil-nasir I	c. 1498–1485 BC	[16]
						Ea-gamil	c. 1484–1475 BC	[15]	Nur-ili	c. 1485–1473 BC	[16]

Babylonia and rising Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC)

Main articles: List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings

Babylonia			Assyria
Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III; continued)			Adaside dynasty (continued)
Ulamburiash[d]	around 1475 BC	[17]	Ashur-shaduni	c. 1473 BC	[16]
Kashtiliash III	uncertain	[17]	Ashur-rabi I	c. 1473–1453 BC	[16]
			Ashur-nadin-ahhe I	c. 1453–1431 BC	[16]
Agum III	uncertain	[17]	Enlil-nasir II	c. 1430–1425 BC	[16]
			Ashur-nirari II	c. 1424–1418 BC	[16]
Karaindash	around 1415 BC	[17]	Ashur-bel-nisheshu	c. 1417–1409 BC	[16]
			Ashur-rim-nisheshu	c. 1408–1401 BC	[16]
Kadashman-Harbe I	around 1400 BC	[17]	Ashur-nadin-ahhe II	c. 1400–1391 BC	[16]
			Eriba-Adad I	c. 1390–1364 BC	[16]
Kurigalzu I	uncertain	[17]	Ashur-uballit I[e]	c. 1363–1328 BC	[19]
Kadashman-Enlil I	c. 1374–1360 BC	[17]
Burnaburiash II	c. 1359–1333 BC	[17]
Kara-hardash	c. 1333 BC	[17]	Enlil-nirari	c. 1327–1318 BC	[19]
Nazi-Bugash	c. 1333 BC	[17]
Kurigalzu II	c. 1332–1308 BC	[17]	Arik-den-ili	c. 1317–1306 BC	[19]
Nazi-Maruttash	c. 1307–1282 BC	[17]	Adad-nirari I	c. 1305–1274 BC	[19]
Kadashman-Turgu	c. 1281–1264 BC	[17]	Shalmaneser I	c. 1273–1244 BC	[19]
Kadashman-Enlil II	c. 1263–1255 BC	[17]
Kudur-Enlil	c. 1254–1246 BC	[17]
Shagarakti-Shuriash	c. 1245–1233 BC	[17]	Tukulti-Ninurta I	c. 1243–1207 BC	[19]
Kashtiliash IV	c. 1232–1225 BC	[17]
Enlil-nadin-shumi	c. 1224 BC	[17]
Kadashman-Harbe II	c. 1223 BC	[17]
Adad-shuma-iddina	c. 1222–1217 BC	[17]
Adad-shuma-usur	c. 1216–1187 BC	[17]	Ashur-nadin-apli	c. 1206–1203 BC	[19]
			Ashur-nirari III	c. 1202–1197 BC	[19]
			Enlil-kudurri-usur	c. 1196–1192 BC	[19]
Meli-Shipak	c. 1186–1172 BC	[17]	Ninurta-apal-Ekur	c. 1191–1179 BC	[19]
Marduk-apla-iddina I	c. 1171–1159 BC	[17]	Ashur-dan I	c. 1178–1133 BC	[10]
Zababa-shuma-iddin	c. 1158 BC	[17]
Enlil-nadin-ahi	c. 1157–1155 BC	[17]
Second dynasty of Isin (Dynasty IV)
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu	c. 1153–1136 BC	[20]
Itti-Marduk-balatu	c. 1135–1128 BC	[20]	Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur	c. 1132 BC	[10]
			Mutakkil-nusku	c. 1132 BC	[10]
Ninurta-nadin-shumi	c. 1127–1122 BC	[20]	Ashur-resh-ishi I	1132–1115 BC	[10]
Nebuchadnezzar I	c. 1121–1100 BC	[20]	Tiglath-Pileser I	1114–1076 BC	[10]
Enlil-nadin-apli	c. 1099–1096 BC	[20]
Marduk-nadin-ahhe	c. 1095–1078 BC	[20]
Marduk-shapik-zeri	c. 1077–1065 BC	[20]	Asharid-apal-Ekur	1075–1074 BC	[10]
Adad-apla-iddina	c. 1064–1043 BC	[20]	Ashur-bel-kala	1073–1056 BC	[10]
			Eriba-Adad II	1055–1054 BC	[10]
			Shamshi-Adad IV	1053–1050 BC	[10]
Marduk-ahhe-eriba	c. 1042 BC	[20]	Ashurnasirpal I	1049–1031 BC	[10]
Marduk-zer-X	c. 1041–1030 BC	[20]
Nabu-shum-libur	c. 1029–1022 BC	[20]	Shalmaneser II	1030–1019 BC	[10]
Second Sealand dynasty (Dynasty V)			Ashur-nirari IV	1018–1013 BC	[10]
Simbar-shipak	c. 1021–1004 BC	[21]
Ea-mukin-zeri	c. 1004 BC	[21]	Ashur-rabi II	1012–972 BC	[10]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi	c. 1003–1001 BC	[21]
Bazi dynasty (Dynasty VI)
Eulmash-shakin-shumi	c. 1000–984 BC	[21]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I	c. 983–981 BC	[21]
Shirikti-shuqamuna	c. 981 BC	[21]
Elamite dynasty (Dynasty VII)
Mar-biti-apla-usur	c. 980–975 BC	[21]
Dynasty of E (Dynasty VIII)
Nabu-mukin-apli	c. 974–939 BC	[22]	Ashur-resh-ishi II	971–967 BC	[10]
			Tiglath-Pileser II	967–935 BC	[10]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II	c. 939 BC	[22]	Ashur-dan II	935–912 BC	[10]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina	c. 938–? BC	[22]
Shamash-mudammiq	c. ?–901 BC	[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin I	c. 900–887 BC	[22]	Adad-nirari II[f]	912–891 BC	[10]
Nabu-apla-iddina	c. 886–853 BC	[22]	Tukulti-Ninurta II	891–884 BC	[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I	c. 852–825 BC	[22]	Ashurnasirpal II	884–859 BC	[10]
			Shalmaneser III	859–824 BC	[10]
Marduk-balassu-iqbi	c. 824–813 BC	[22]	Shamshi-Adad V	824–811 BC	[10]
Baba-aha-iddina	c. 813–812 BC	[22]	Adad-nirari III	811–783 BC	[10]
Ninurta-apla-X	uncertain	[22]
Marduk-bel-zeri	uncertain	[22]
Marduk-apla-usur	uncertain	[22]	Shalmaneser IV	783–773 BC	[10]
Eriba-Marduk	c. 769–760 BC	[22]	Ashur-dan III	773–755 BC	[10]
Nabu-shuma-ishkun	c. 760–748 BC	[22]	Ashur-nirari V	755–745 BC	[10]
Nabonassar	748–734 BC	[22]	Tiglath-Pileser III	745–727 BC	[10]
Nabu-nadin-zeri	734–732 BC	[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II	732 BC	[22]
Nabu-mukin-zeri[g] (non-dynastic)	732–729 BC	[23]
Adaside dynasty (also in Assyria)
Tiglath-Pileser III	729–727 BC	[23]
Shalmaneser V	727–722 BC	[23]	Shalmaneser V	727–722 BC	[10]
Sargonid dynasty
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic)	722–710 BC	[23]	Sargon II	722–705 BC	[10]
Sargon II	710–705 BC	[23]
Sennacherib	705–703 BC	[23]	Sennacherib	705–681 BC	[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II (non-dynastic)	703 BC	[23]
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic)	703 BC	[23]
Bel-ibni[i] (vassal king)	703–700 BC	[23]
Ashur-nadin-shumi	700–694 BC	[23]
Nergal-ushezib[i] (non-dynastic)	694–693 BC	[23]
Mushezib-Marduk[i] (non-dynastic)	693–689 BC	[23]
Sennacherib	689–681 BC	[23]
Esarhaddon	681–669 BC	[23]	Esarhaddon	681–669 BC	[10]
Shamash-shum-ukin	668–648 BC	[23]	Ashurbanipal	669–631 BC	[10]
Kandalanu (vassal king)	647–627 BC	[23]	Ashur-etil-ilani	631–627 BC	[10]
Sinsharishkun	627–626 BC	[23]	Sinsharishkun	627–612 BC	[10]
Sin-shumu-lishir (usurper)	626 BC	[10]
Chaldean dynasty (Dynasty X)
Nabopolassar	626–605 BC	[24]	Ashur-uballit II	612–609 BC	[10]
Nebuchadnezzar II	605–562 BC	[24]	Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon
Amel-Marduk	562–560 BC	[24]
Neriglissar (non-dynastic)	560–556 BC	[24]
Labashi-Marduk (non-dynastic)	556 BC	[24]
Nabonidus (non-dynastic)	556–539 BC	[24]

See also

• Chronology of the ancient Near East
• List of kings of Akkad
• List of Assyrian kings
• List of kings of Babylon
• Sumerian King List
• List of monarchs of Persia
• List of rulers of Elam
• List of pharaohs
• List of Hittite kings
• Mitanni
• History of institutions in Mesopotamia

Notes

1. Considered the first king of the Old Assyrian period
2. Rim-Sin I was the last independent king of Larsa, though the city rebelled against Hammurabi's successor Samsu-iluna in 1737, with Rim-Sin II briefly ruling there as king.
3. The earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself.
4. Reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea-gamil, the last king of the First Sealand dynasty
5. Considered the first king of the Middle Assyrian period
6. Considered the first king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
7. Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Shapi dynasty"
8. Sometimes assigned to his own dynasty, the "Third Sealand dynasty"
9. Assigned to the earlier Dynasty of E in king-lists

References

1. "Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)".
2. Marchesi 2010, p. 234.
3. Marchesi 2010, pp. 236–237.
4. Marchesi 2010, p. 238.
5. Beaulieu 2018, p. 36.
6. Crawford 2013, p. xxiii.
7. Crawford 2013, p. xxiv.
8. Oppenheim 1977, p. 336.
9. Roaf 1996, p. 111.
10. Chen 2020, pp. 197–201.
11. Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 69.
12. Roaf 1996, p. 110.
13. Oppenheim 1977, p. 337.
14. Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Murai 1979, p. 6.
15. Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, pp. 129–130.
16. Assyrian King List; Ancient Egypt and Archaeology.
17. Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126.
18. Chen 2020, pp. 202–206; Beaulieu 2018, p. 126; Leick 2003, p. 142.
19. Assyrian King List; Kuhrt 1995, p. 351.
20. Beaulieu 2018, p. 155.
21. Beaulieu 2018, pp. 176–178.
22. Beaulieu 2018, p. 178.
23. Beaulieu 2018, p. 195.
24. Beaulieu 2018, p. 220.

Bibliography

• Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Pondicherry: Wiley. ISBN 978-1405188999.
• Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914.
• Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
• Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC, Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01353-4.
• Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810846494.
• Marchesi, Gianni (2010). "The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia". Ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi.
• Murai, Nobuaki (1979). Studies in the aklu Documents of the Middle Babylonian Period (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
• Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977). Reiner, Erica (ed.). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226631875.
• Roaf, Michael (1996). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-2218-6.

Web sources

• "Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site - Ancient Egypt - Assyrian". www.ancient-egypt.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
• "The Assyrian King List - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.