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Styāna (Sanskrit; Tibetan phonetic: mukpa) or thīna (Pali) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "sloth", "lethargy", "gloominess", etc. In the Mahayana tradition, styāna is defined as a mental factor that causes the mind to be withdrawn, unclear, and unable to focus.[1][2] Thīna is defined as sluggishness or dullness of mind, characterized by a lack of driving power. In the Theravada tradition, thīna is said to occur in conjunction with middha (torpor), which is defined as a morbid state that is characterized by unwieldiness, lack of energy, and opposition to wholesome activity.[3] The two mental factors in conjunction are expressed as thīna-middha (sloth-torpor).
Translations of Styāna | |
---|---|
English | sloth lethargy gloominess foggymindedness |
Sanskrit | styāna |
Pali | thīna |
Chinese | 惛沉 |
Indonesian | kemalasan |
Tibetan | རྨུག་པ། (Wylie: rmug pa; THL: mukpa) |
Glossary of Buddhism |
Styāna or thīna is identified as:
Bhikkhu Bodhi explains:
Sloth is sluggish or dullness of mind. Its characteristic is lack of driving power. Its function is to dispel energy. It is manifested as the sinking of the mind. Its proximate cause is unwise attention to boredom, drowsiness, etc.[3] Sloth and torpor (middha]) always occur in conjunction, and are opposed to energy (viriya). Sloth is identified as sickness of consciousness (citta-gelanna), torpor as sickness of the mental factors (kayagelanna). As a pair, they constitute one of the five hindrances, which is overcome by initial application (vitakka).
The Atthasālinī (II, Book I, Part IX, Chapter II, 255) states about sloth and torpor: “Absence of striving, difficulty through inability, is the meaning.” We then read the following definitions of sloth and torpor:
The compound “sloth-torpor” is sloth plus torpor; of which sloth has absence of, or opposition to striving as characteristic, destruction of energy as function, sinking of associated states as manifestation; torpor has unwieldiness as characteristic, closing the doors of consciousness as function, shrinking in taking the object, or drowsiness as manifestation; and both have unsystematic thought, in not arousing oneself from discontent and laziness (or indulgence), as proximate cause.[4]
Nina van Gorkom explains:
When there are sloth and torpor there is no energy, no vigour to perform dāna, to observe sīla, to listen to Dhamma, to study the Dhamma or to develop calm, no energy to be mindful of the reality which appears now.[4]
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:
Mipham Rinpoche states:
Alexander Berzin explains:
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