Spumellaria

Spumellaria is an order of radiolarians in the class Polycystinea. They are ameboid protists appearing in abundance in the world's oceans, possessing a radially-symmetrical silica (opal) skeleton that has ensured their preservation in fossil records. They belong among the oldest Polycystine organisms, dating back to the lower Cambrian (ca. 515 million years). Historically, many concentric radiolarians have been included in the Spumellaria order based on the absence of the initial spicular system, an early-develop structure that, by its lacking, sets them apart from Entactinaria despite their similar morphology.^[2] Living exemplars of the order feed by catching prey, such as copepod nauplii or tintinnids, on the adhesive ends of their pseudopodia extending radially from their skeleton; however, some have been observed as mixotrophs living in symbiosis with various photosynthetic algal organisms such as dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, prasinophytes or haptophytes, which may cause their distribution to center in the greatest abundance and diversity within trophical waters.^[2]

Spumellaria
Shell of a Hexastylus sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	Sar
Clade:	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Retaria
Class:	Polycystina
Order:	Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
Families[1]
Actinommidae Haeckel, 1862, emend. Riedel, 1967 Coccodiscidae Haeckel, 1862 Heliodiscidae Litheliidae Haeckel, 1862 Orosphaeridae Haeckel, 1887 Pyloniidae Haeckel, 1881 Spongodiscidae Haeckel, 1862 emend. Riedel, 1967 Tholoniidae Haeckel, 1887

Families

• Actinommidae
• Anakrusidae
• Angulobracchiidae
• Archaeospongoprunidae
• Astrosphaeridae
• Bolenidae
• Catenopylidae
• Cavaspongiidae
• Coccodiscidae
• Conocaryommidae
• Dactyliosphaeridae
• Emiluviidae
• Entapiidae
• Ethmosphaeridae
• Gomberellidae
• Hagiastridae
• Heliodiscidae
• Hexaporobrachiidae
• Larnacillidae
• Leugeonidae
• Litheliidae
• Miropylidae
• Myelastridae
• Oertlispongidae
• Orbiculiformidae
• Pantanelliidae
• Parasaturnalidae
• Parvivaccidae
• Patulibracchiidae
• Patruliidae
• Phacodiscidae
• Phaseliformidae
• Praeconocaryommidae
• Pseudoacanthocircidae
• Pseudoaulophacidae
• Pyloniidae
• Pyramispongiidae
• Relindellidae
• Spongodiscidae
• Sponguridae
• Stylosphaeridae
• Thalassicollidae
• Tholoniidae
• Tritrabidae
• Veghicycliidae
• Xiphostylidae

In addition, several taxa in this order are still considered incertae sedis.

Gallery

• 
  Hexancistra quadricuspis shell (Haeckel)
• 
  Shells of (mostly) Spumellaria (Haeckel)
• 
  Spumellaria from the Challenger Expedition