Southern bread riots

The Southern bread riots were events of civil unrest in the Confederacy during the American Civil War, perpetrated mostly by women in March and April 1863. During these riots, which occurred in cities throughout the Southern United States, hungry women and men invaded and looted various shops and stores.

Southern bread riots

Part of the American Civil War
Detail of a propaganda cartoon showing bread riots in Richmond, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
Date	March–April 1863
Location	Confederacy
Participants	Civilians, mostly women Confederate militia

Causes

The riots were triggered by the women's lack of money, provisions, and food.^[1] All were the result of multiple factors, mostly related to the Civil War:

• Inflation had caused prices to soar while incomes had not kept pace.^[2]
• Refugees had flooded the cities, causing severe shortages of housing and overwhelming the old food supply system.^[3] Richmond's population went from 38,000 people in 1860 to over 100,000 by 1863.^[4][5]
• Food supplies in rural areas were running short and less food was exported to cities; foraging armies, both Union and Confederate, ravaged crops and killed farm animals.^[6][7]
• Many cities—especially Richmond—were at the end of long supply lines, and internal transportation became increasingly difficult.^[8]
• Salt, which at the time was the only practical meat preservative, was very expensive (if available at all) because it was generally an imported item. The Union blockade prevented imports, and the capture of Avery Island, Louisiana, with its salt-mine, exacerbated the problem.^[9][10]
• The Confederate States Army seized provisions meant for civilian use to feed its soldiers, which in turn spurred farmers to withhold shipments.^[2]
• As shortages became more prevalent in urban areas, those who could afford to do so began to hoard what they could, leaving fewer supplies for others.^[2]

Citizens, mostly women, began to protest the exorbitant price of bread. The protesters believed a negligent government and speculators were to blame. To show their displeasure, many protesters turned to violence. Robberies of grocery and merchandise stores were happening on nearly a daily basis.^[11] Riots took place over food or flour in Atlanta (March 16), Salisbury, North Carolina (March 18), Mobile and High Point (March 25), and Petersburg (April 1),^[12] but the largest and most important of these was in Richmond on April 2.^[2]

Richmond bread riots

On April 2, 1863, in the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, about 5,500 people,^[13] mostly poor women, broke into shops and began seizing food, clothing, shoes, and even jewelry before the militia arrived to restore order. Tens of thousands of dollars worth of items were stolen. No one died and only a few were injured.^[14] The riot was organized and instigated by Mary Jackson, a peddler and the mother of a soldier.^[15]

President Jefferson Davis pleaded with the women and even threw them money from his pockets, asking them to disperse, saying "You say you are hungry and have no money; here, this is all I have". The mayor read the Riot Act; the governor called out the militia, and it restored order.^[16]

To protect morale, the Confederate government suppressed most news reports of the riot itself. Many newspapers, however, were keen to report on the trials of the participants themselves, and they usually portrayed those people in an unflattering light, suggesting that they were not actually starving, or that the rioters were mostly "Yankees" or lower-class people, allowing many upper-class citizens to ignore the scope of the problems.^[17] However, that only served to deepen the feelings of resentment and injustice among the lower classes, leading to the sentiment that the Civil War was "a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight".^[18]

In Richmond, measures were undertaken to alleviate starvation and inflation for poor people, and special committees were held to classify "worthy poor" from "unworthy poor"; the city then opened special markets for "worthy poor" citizens to purchase goods and fuel at significantly reduced prices.^[19]

See also

• Economy of the Confederate States of America
• List of food riots
• List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

References

1. Mary Elizabeth Massey, "The food and drink shortage on the Confederate homefront." North Carolina Historical Review 26.3 (1949): 306–334. in JSTOR, p. 306.
2. Chesson, 1984, p. 134
3. Titus, 2011, p. 86
4. Alfred Hoyt Bill, The Beleaguered City: Richmond, 1861–1865 (1946) p. 3
5. Titus, 2011, p. 105
6. Richard N. Current, ed. The Confederacy (MacMillan Information Now Encyclopedias, 1998; ISBN 0028649168) pp. 213–215.
7. Andrew F. Smith, Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War (Macmillan, 2011).
8. George Edgar Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War (1953) pp. 313–318.
9. Ritzman, Dean F. "Lonn, Ella," Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy"(Book Review), The Historian 28.4 (1966): 685.
10. Mark Kurlansky, Salt: A World History
11. Chesson, 1984, p. 135
12. Chesson, 1984, p. 136
13. Titus, 2011, p. 113
14. Chesson, 1984, p. 152
15. "Bread or Blood: The Richmond Bread Riot – Hungry History". History. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
16. Titus, 2011, pp. 114–117
17. Titus, 2011, pp. 120–123
18. Titus, 2011, p. 133
19. DeCredico, Mary. "Bread Riot, Richmond". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

Further reading

• Bellemare, Marc F. "Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 97.1 (2015): 1–21. online

• Chesson, Michael B. "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92#2 (1984): 131–175. JSTOR 4248710
• Grady, John (April 5, 2013). "Richmond Bread Riot". New York Times.
• Harper, Judith E. Women during the civil war: An encyclopedia (Routledge, 2004).
• Hurt, R. Douglas. Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South (U North Carolina Press, 2015).
• Lerner, Eugene M. "Money, prices, and wages in the Confederacy, 1861–65." Journal of Political Economy (1955): 20–40. JSTOR 1826773
• McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Ballantine Books; Random House Publishing Inc. pp. 617–619. ISBN 0-345-35942-9.
• Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (U of Illinois Press, 1989).
• Smith, Andrew F. "Did hunger defeat the Confederacy." North & South 13.1 (2011): 7–10.
• Smith, Andrew F. Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War (Macmillan, 2011).
• Titus, Katherine R. (2011). "The Richmond Bread Riot of 1863: Class, Race, and Gender in the Urban Confederacy". The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era. 2: 86–146. ISSN 2165-3666.
• Williams, Teresa Crisp, and David Williams. "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women." Georgia Historical Quarterly 86.1 (2002): 49–83. JSTOR 40584640