Siuslaw language

Siuslaw /saɪˈjuːslɔː/^[3] was the language of the Siuslaw people and Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) people of Oregon. It is also known as Lower Umpqua^[a]. The Siuslaw language had two dialects: Siuslaw proper (Šaayušƛa) and Lower Umpqua (Quuiič).^[4]

Siuslaw
Lower Umpqua
Šáayušƛa / Qúuiič
Pronunciation	/saɪˈjuːslɔː/
Native to	United States
Region	Oregon
Ethnicity	Siuslaw people
Extinct	1960[1]
Language family	Coast Oregon Penutian? Siuslaw
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sis
Glottolog	sius1254
ELP	Siuslaw
Pre-contact distribution of Siuslaw
Siuslaw is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. [2]

Classification

Siuslaw is currently considered to be a language isolate.^[5] It may be part of a Coast Oregon Penutian family together with Alsea and the Coosan languages, although the validity of this family is still controversial. Proponents of the disputed Penutian phylum usually include Siuslaw as part of it, together with the other Coast Oregon Penutian languages.^[6]

Documentation

Published sources are by Leo J. Frachtenberg who collected data from a non-English-speaking native speaker of the Lower Umpqua dialect and her Alsean husband (who spoke it as a second language) during three months of fieldwork in 1911,^[7][4][8] and by Dell Hymes who worked with four Siuslaw speakers in 1954.^[9]

Further archived documentation consists of a 12-page vocabulary by James Owen Dorsey,^[10] a wordlist of approximately 150 words taken by Melville Jacobs in 1935 in work with Lower Umpqua speaker Hank Johnson,^[11] an audio recording of Siuslaw speaker Spencer Scott from 1941, hundreds of pages of notes from John Peabody Harrington in 1942 based on interviews with several native speakers,^[12] and audio recordings of vocabulary by Morris Swadesh in 1953.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t			k	ʔ
Affricate		ts	tɬ	tʃ
Fricative		s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
Nasal	m	n
Approximant	w		l	j

Cluster of stops/affricates + glottal stop are realized as ejective consonants: [pʼ, tʼ, tɬʼ, tsʼ, tʃʼ, kʼ].

Vowels

Vowels are noted as /i æ a u ə o/.^[9]

Notes

1. Upper Umpqua (or simply Umpqua) was an Athabaskan language and thus unrelated to Siuslaw/Lower Umpqua.

References

1. Grant, A.P. (1997). "Coast Oregon Penutian: Problems and Possibilities". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 144–156. doi:10.1086/466316. S2CID 143822361. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
2. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
3. "Frequently Asked Questions". United States Forest Service. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
4. Frachtenberg, Leo Joachim; Franz Boas; Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology (1917). Siuslawan (Lower Umpqua): an illustrative sketch. Govt. Printing Office. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
5. Campbell, Lyle (January 2019). "How many Language Families are there in the world?". International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology. 1 (2): 133–152. doi:10.1387/asju.20195. hdl:10810/49565. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
6. Grant, A. (1997). Coast Oregon Penutian: Problems and Possibilities. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 144-156.
7. Frachtenberg, Leo. (1914). Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialect. In Columbia University contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 151–150).
8. Frachtenberg, Leo. (1922). Siuslawan (Lower Umpqua). In Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2, pp. 431–629).
9. Hymes, Dell. (1966). Some points of Siuslaw phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32, 328-342.
10. Dorsey, James Owen. (1884). [Siuslaw vocabulary, with sketch map showing villages, and incomplete key giving village names October 27, 1884]. Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives.
11. Melville Jacobs papers, 1918-1978, University of Washington Special Collections, Seattle WA.
12. Harrington, John P. 1942. "Alsea, SIuslaw, Coos, Southwest Oregon Athapaskan: Vocabularies, Linguistic Notes, Ethnographic and Historical Notes." John Peabody Harrington Papers, Alaska/Northwest Coast. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

External links

• Languages of Oregon – Siuslaw